Contents
I. STATICS :
1. Introduction
2. Parallelogram of Forces
3. Number of Forces
4. Resolution of Forces
5. Resultant of a Number of Forces Acting at a Point by Analytical Method
6. Resultant of Parallel Forces
7. Equilibrium of Forces
8. Resultant of Forces Acting on a Body
9. Conditions for Equilibrium of a Body Under Several Forces
10. Support Conditions
11. Free Body Diagram
12. Cables
13. Friction :
i. Sliding and Rolling Friction
ii. Laws of Friction
iii. Angle of Friction
II. SIMPLE STRESSES :
1. Introduction
2. Stress-Strain Curve
3. Factor of Safety
4. Lateral strain
5. Bars of varying cross-section
6. Bars of tapering section
7. Compound bars subjected to loads
8. Temperature Stresses in Bars
9. Modulus of Rigidity
10. Complementary Shears
11. Complex Problems Solved by Help of Compatibility Equations
12. Stresses due to Shrink-Fitting and Force Fitting
III. COMPLEX STRESSES :
1. Stresses Acting on a Plane Inclined θ to the Direction of the Force
2. Stresses on an Inclined Plane due to Two Perpendicular Stresses
3. Graphical Method of Finding the Resultant Stresses on an Inclined Plane by Ellipse of Stress Method
4. Graphical Method of Finding the Resultant Stress on an Inclined Plane by Mohr's Circle Method
5. Stresses on Inclined Plane of a Block Subjected to Pure Shear
6. Stresses on an Inclined Plane of a Block Subjected to Normal Stresses and Shear Stresses along two Planes at Right Angles
7. Principle Planes and Principal Stresses
8. Mohr's Circle for Finding Principal Stresses
9. Triaxial State of Stress
10. Principal Stresses and Planes
11. Directions of Principal Planes
12. Mohr's Circle for Triaxial Principal Stresses
13. Principal Strains due to Triaxial Principal Stresses
14. Volumetric Strain
15. Principal Stresses Computed from Principal Strains
16. Strain on an Oblique Plane due to a Direct Pull
17. Direct Strain on an Oblique Plane due to Shear
18. Principal Strains due to two Perpendicular Stresses and Shear Stresses
19. Mohr's Circle of Strains
IV. ELASTIC CONSTANTS, STRAIN ENERGY AND Theories OF Failure :
1. Introduction
2. Bulk modulus
3. Relationship Between E and N
4. Strain Energy
5. Strain Energy due to Direct Stresses-Resilience
6. Impact Load
7. Strain Energy due to Shear
8. Strain Energy due to Volumetric Strain
9. Strain Energy Stored due to Principal-Stresses in Three Directions
10. Shear Strain Energy due to Principal Stresses σ1, σ2 and σ3
11. Theories of Failure
12. Two Dimensional Stress System
V. BENDING MOMENTS AND SHEAR FORCES :
1. Beam
2. Types of Loads
3. Types of Supports
4. Shear Force and Bending Moment
5. Sign Convention
6. Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams
7. S.F. and B.M. Diagrams for Simply Supported Beams
8. S.F. and B.M. Diagrams for Overhanging Beams
9. Relationship between Rate of Loading, Shear Force and Bending Moment
10. Graphical Method of Plotting S.F. and B.M. Diagrams
11. Uniformly Distributed Loads
VI. STRESSES IN BEAMS :
1. Introduction
2. Assumptions in the Theory of Bending
3. Location of Centre of Gravity
4. Moment of Inertia and Section Modulus
5. Theorems of Moment of Inertia
6. Principal Axes
7. Radius of Gyration
8. Beams of Uniform Strength
9. Composite Beams
10. Shear Stresses in Beams :
i. Shear Stress Variation in Rectangular Section
ii. Shear Stress Variation in I-section
11. Principal Stresses in Beams
12. Principal Moments of Inertia
13. Unsymmetrical Bending
14. Strain Energy due to Bending Stresses
15. Strain Energy due to Shear Stresses
16. Stresses due to Dynamic Effects
VII. COMBINED BENDING AND DIRECT STRESSES :
1. Introduction
2. Limit of Eccentricity for No Tension in the Section
3. Wind Pressure on Structures
VIII. DEFLECTION :
1. Introduction
2. Relationship between Curvature, Slope and Deflection
3. Deflection Curves
4. Macaulay's Method
5. Deflection Curve by Macaulay's Method
6. Propped Cantilevers
7. Deflections by Moment Area Method
8. Sign Convention
9. Slope and Deflection for Cantilever
10. Slope and Deflection for Simply Supported Beam
11. Deflections by Conjugate Beam Method
12. Deflection by Strain Energy
13. Impact Loading on Beams
14. Laminated Spring
15. Deflection Due to Shear
IX. TORSIONAL STRESSES IN SHAFTS AND SPRINGS :
1. Introduction
2. Analysis of Torsional Stresses
3. Power Transmitted
4. Combined Bending and Torsion
6. Principal Stresses
6. Equivalent Bending Moment and Torque
7. Strain Energy Due to Torsion
8. Failure Due to Combined Bending and Torsion
9. Torsion of Non-Circular Cross Section :
i. Shafts of Rectangular Sections
10. Shafts of Non-Rectangular Sections
11. Helical Springs
12. Close Coil Helical Springs
13. Open Coil Helical Springs
14. Principal Stresses in Springs
15. Flat Spiral Springs
X. SHEAR CENTRE :
1. Introduction
2. Position of Shear Centre
3. Shear Flow
4. Shear Centre of Channel Section
5. Shear Centre of Angle Section
6. Shear Centre for T-section
7. Shear Centre for I-section with Unequal Flanges
8. Unsymmetrical Selections
9. Numerical Method for Finding Shear Centre
10. Sectional Properties
11. Numerical Determination of Properties
XI. COLUMNS AND STRUTS :
1. Introduction
2. Euler Crippling Load-Column with One End Free and the Other End Fixed
3. Column with both ends hinged
4. Columns with both ends fixed
5. Column with One End Fixed and the other Hinged
6. Limitation of Euler's Formula
7. Column with Initial Curvature
8. Column Carrying Eccentric Load
9. Laterally Loaded Columns
10. Empirical Formulae
XII. CYLINDERS AND SHELLS :
1. Pressure in Cylindrical Shells
2. Stresses and Strains in Thin Cylinder
3. Volumetric Change in Cylinder
4. Thin Spherical Shell
5. Cylindrical Shell with Spherical Ends
6. Wire Wound Thin Cylinders
7. Thin Walled Vessels Under Internal Pressure
8. Thick Cylinder Subjected to Internal Pressure 'p1’ and External Pressure 'p2’
9. Compound Cylinders
10. Initial Difference of Radii at Junction
11. Solid Shaft Subjected to External Pressure 'p'
12. Thick Spherical Shells
XIII. DETERMINATE COMPOUND BEAMS AND FRAMES :
1. Determinate and Indeterminate Structures
XIV. DETERMINATE PLANE TRUSSES :
1. Introduction
2. Simple Trusses
3. Connection of Foundations
4. Forces in Truss Members
5. Analysis of Forces in Members of a Simple Truss
6. Compound Truss
7. Complex Truss
8. General Conditions for Determinacy of a Truss
XV. STATICALLY DETERMINATE PIN-JOINTED SPACE STRUCTURES :
1. Concurrent Forces in Space
2. Moment of a Force
3. Constraint of a Point in Space
4. Tension Co-efficient Method
5. Simple Space Trusses
6. Method of Sections
7. Compound Space Trusses
8. Complex Trusses
XVI. THREE HINGED ARCHES :
1. Curved Beams
2. Deflection of Curved Beams
3. Three Hinged Arch
4. Graphical Method of Finding Reactions for a Single Load Acting on the Arch
5. B.M., S.F. and Normal Thrust, in Three Hinged Arch
6. Three Hinged Arch Parabolic in Shape
7. Spandrel Arch
XVII. INFLUENCE LINES AND ROLLING LOADS :
1. Introduction
2. Influence Lines for Reactions
3. Influence Line for Shear Force
4. Influence Line for B.M.
5. Calculations of S.F. and B.M. at a Point from Influence Lines
6. Position of Uniformly Distributed Load for Maximum S.F. and B.M.
7. Load Smaller Than Span on Simply Supported Beam
8. Concentrated Loads
9. Absolute Maximum B.M.
10. Absolute Maximum S.F.
11. Principle of Virtual Displacement
12. I.L. for Reactions
13. Influence Line for Shear Force
14. I.L. for B.M.
15. Girders with Floor Beams
16. Influence Lines for Forces in Frames
17. Influence lines for three hinged arches
18. Influence Line for Deflection
19. Rolling loads
XVIII. RIVETED AND WELDED JOINTS :
1. Introduction
2. Riveted Connections
3. Types of Riveted Joints
4. Failure of Riveted Joints
5. Strength of Riveted Joints
6. Permissible Stresses in Rivets
7. Design of Riveted Joints
8. Riveted Joints in Cylindrical and Spherical Shells
9. Structural Connections
10. Riveted Joint Subjected to Moment Acting in the Plane of the Joint
11. Riveted Joint Subjected to Moment Acting at Right Angles to the Plane of the Joint
12. Welded Joints
13. Fillet Welds Subjected to Moment Acting at Right Angles to the Plane of Welded Joint
14. Fillet Weld Subjected to Moment Acting in the Plane of the Weld
XIX. PROPPED CANTILEVERS :
1. Introduction
2. Analysis of Propped Cantilevers
XX. FIXED BEAMS :
1. Introduction
2. Fixing Moments for a Fixed Beam of Uniform Section
3. Effect of Sinking of Support
4. Effect of Rotation of a Support
5. Slope and Deflection at a Point, by Moment Area Method
XXI. CONTINUOUS BEAMS :
1. Introduction
2. Analysis of Continuous Beams
3. Reactions at the supports
4. Effect of Sinking of Supports
XXII. MACHINE FIXTURES AND FITTINGS :
1. Tie Bars
2. Stay Bolts
3. Keys
4. Kunckle Joint
5. Cottered Joints
6. Suspension Links
7. Ropes
8. Chains
XXXIII. Mechanical PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS :
1. Introduction
2. Properties of Materials-Definition
3. True Stress and True Strain
4. Tension Test
5. Testing Machines for Tensile Test
6. Determination of Proof Stress from Load Extension Curve
7. Modulus of Elasticity for Materials with Non-Linear Stress-Strain Curve
8. Types of Fracture
9. Effect of Loading and Unloading Beyond Elastic Limit
10. Compression Test
11. Impact Tests
12. Hardness
13. Fatigue
14. Fatigue Testing Machines
15. Creep
XXIV. Rotating Rings and Rotating Discs :
1. Rotating Ring or Wheel Rim
2. Rotating Disc
3. Rotating Cylinder
4. Rotating Disc of Varying Thickness
5. Disc of Uniform Strength
XXV. STRESS CONCENTRATION VACTORS :
1. Introduction
2. Stresses in Polar Co-ordinates
3. Stresses Around a Circular Hole in a Plate
4. Stress Concentration Around Holes
5. Stress Concentration Factors Around Elliptical Holes
6. Stress Concentration Factors for Notches :
i. Stress Concentration Factors for Elliptical Hole in Semi-Infinite Plate
7. Stress Concentration Factors for Elliptical Hole in Finite Width Plate
8. Stress Concentration Factors for Notches
9. Stress Concentration Factors for Finite Width Plate with U-Shaped Notches on Both Sides
10. Stress Concentration Factors for Finite Width Plate with Hyperbolic Notch on Both Sides
11. Stress Concentration Factors for Finite Width Plate with U Shaped Notch on One Side
12. Stress Concentration Factors for Finite Width Plate with Hyperbolic Notch on One side
13. Stress Concentration Factors for Multiple Circular Holes
14. Stress Concentration Factors for Two Unequal Circular Holes in an Infinite Plate
15. Stress Concentration Factors for Infinite Number of Equal Circular Holes
16. Stress Concentration Factors for Multiple Elliptical Holes
17. Stress Concentration Factors for Circular Hole in Finite Width Plate Under Shear
XXVI. TORSION OF THIN WALLED CLOSED SECTIONS :
1. Introduction
2. Shear Flow in Thin Sections
3. Torsion of Single Cell Closed Box Beams
4. Influence of Stringer Forces
5. Torsional of Multiple Cell Thin Walled Structures
6. Effect of Stringers or Stiffeners on Non-Circular Closed Beams in Torsion
XXVII. ADHESIVELY BONDED JOINTS :
1. General
2. Classification of Adhesives
3. Advantages and Disadvantages of Bonded Joints
4. Types of Structural Adhesives
5. Surface Preparation of Adherends for Adhesive Bonding
6. Testing of Adhesives
7. Stress-Strain Curves for Adhesives
8. Joint Configurations
9. Elastic Analysis of Joints
10. Elastic-Plastic Analysis
11. Effect of Thermal Mismatch between Adherends
XXVIII. INTRODUCTION TO EXPERIMENTAL STRESS ANALYSIS :
1. General
2. Stress Analysis by Strain Gauges
3. Mechanical Strain Gauges
4. Optical Strain Gauges
5. Electrical Strain Gauges
6. Strain Rosette
7. Whole Field Methods
8. Moire Fringe Methods
9. Brittle Coatings for Strain Indication
XXIX. SANDWICH STRUCTURES :
1. Introduction
2. Sandwich Materials
3. Properties of Aluminium Honeycomb Cores
4. Design Considerations
5. Bending of Rectangular Plates
6. Bending of Sandwich Structures
Solutions of IES Questions
Preface
The changes in the syllabus, pattern of various degree and other engineering courses, suggestions and comments given by the readers have led to many alterations, and new features in this 17th edition. A large number of sections have been rewritten and various additions, deletions and refinements have been made throughout the text, besides adding a new chapter on Experimental Stress Analysis and good new numerical examples.
Each chapter is followed by number of objective type, multi-choice questions and answers. Another feature of this book is, a complete chapter consisting of solved numerical examples of IES, which will be very useful to the students.
Towards the end very useful information in form of tables and data has been given in Appendices for further references of the readers.
In fact the whole book has been completely overhauled and revised and sequence of chapters has been made more rational.
It is hoped that the book in its new format will enjoy its ever increasing utility.
In end authors and the publishers would like to thank numerous readers in India and abroad for their suggestions and comments, we hope that readers will still send in their valuable comments, suggestions and point out any mistake, omissions or errors so that they can be implemented in future editions.
List of Appendix (Appendices)
1. Properties of sections
2. Properties of very thin sections
3. Bending moment and shear force diagrams and deflected forms of cantilever beams
4. Shear Centres for Thin Sections
5. Bending moment and shear force diagrams and deflected forms of simple beams
6. Bending moment and shear force diagrams and deflected forms of propped cantilevers
7. Bending moment and shear force diagrams and deflected shapes of built-in beams