CAD/CAM/CIM

The new Edition of CAD/CAM/CIM has been brought out to Focus on the response of CIM Technology to address to new challenges faced by Manufacturing in the new millennium.

CIM is moving towards more and more sophistication in exploiting the capabilities of Computer Hardware and software. This book gives a detailed Account of various Technologies which form computer based automation of manufacturing activities.

Computer aided shape design and geometric modeling have been revised and an introduction to robust design has been added. Design coverage is enlarged by adding FEA. As far as manufacturing is concerned, numerical control, computer aided inspection, robotics etc. are dealt in detail. ERP, PDM, PLM, simulation tools and manufacturing simulation have been covered in more detail in this edition. Supply chain management, collaborative design and computer networking are also covered in this new edition.

This book is intended as a text book for students studying CAD/CAM/CIM and a reference book for manufacturing engineers.

Dr. P. Radhakrishnan, Professor of Mechanical Engineering has about 25 years of experience in Teaching and Consulting in CAD/CAM. A graduate of Mechanical Engineering from Trichur Engineering College, Dr. Radhakrishnan had his post graduate studies at IIT, Madras in Machine Tools and did his Ph. D. from Madras University while working at the PSG College of Technology. He was Principal of PSG College of Technology and presently, Vice Chancellor, VIT University, Vellore. Dr. P. Radhakrishnan was instrumental in starting the post graduate programs in CIM and Product design at PSG College of Technology.

Dr. S. Subramanyan, former Principal of PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore and former Vice Chancellor of Bharathiar University had his Education at PSG College of Technology, Imperial College, London and University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology. He had been a post doctoral fellow at the University of Kingston and University of Alberta. He has been on the faculty of PSG College of Technology since 1959. He has considerable experience in implementing computerized systems and networking of computers and is now a consultant to Higher Technical education.

Dr. Venkitaswamy Raju, presently, Dean of the School of Engineering Technologies at Farmingdale State University of New York had his education at PSG College of Arts, Coimbatore, and Rochester Institute of Technology (RIT), USA. He is a well known Authority in CIM and has set up several educational programs and Research activities in different universities where he worked. He was

Preface

I. Computer Integrated Manufacturing :
1. Introduction
2. Types of Manufacturing
3. Evolution of Computer Integrated Manufacturing
4. CIM Hardware and CIM Software
5. Nature and Role of the Elements of CIM System
6. Development of CIM

II. Product DEVELOPMENT THROUGH CIM :
1. Introduction
2. Product Development Cycle
3. Sequential Engineering
4. Concurrent Engineering
5. Comparison of Concurrent Engineering and Sequential Engineering
6. Implementation of Concurrent Engineering
7. Concurrent Engineering and Information Technology
8. Soft and Hard Prototyping
9. Characteristics of Concurrent Engineering
10. Key Factors Influencing the Success of CE
11. Example of Concurrent Engineering
12. Techniques to Improve Manufacturability and Reduce Lead Time
13. Improving the Design
14. Taguchi Method for Robust Design
15. Value Engineering
16. Product Life Cycle Management

III. PRINCIPLES OF COMPUTER Graphics :
1. Introduction
2. Graphic Primitives
3. Point Plotting
4. Drawing of Lines
5. Bresenham's Circle Algorithm
6. Ellipse
7. Transformation in Graphics
8. Co-Ordinate Systems Used in Graphics and Windowing
9. View Port
10. Jo 2-D Transformations :
11. Homogeneous Transformations
12. Combination Transformations
13. Clipping
14. 3-Dimensional Transformations
15. Projections
16. Scan Conversion
17. Rendering
18. Raster/Zing Polygons
19. Hidden Surface Removal
20. Anti Aliasing
21. Reflection
22. Shading
23. Generation of Characters

IV. COMPUTER HARDWARE :
1. Introduction
2. Computer Fundamentals
3. Classification of Computers
4. Data Communications
5. Design Work Stations
6. Architecture of a Typical Graphics Workstation
7. Interactive Display Devices
8. Input Devices
9. Output Devices

V. Operating Systems and Environments :
1. Introduction
2. Operating System (OS)
3. Comparison of Commands in Popular Operating Systems
4. Unix-Operating System
5. Architecture of Unix System
6. Graphical User Interfaces (Windows Environment}
7. Ms Windows
8. Windows NT
9. Linux

VI. GEOMETRIC MODELING TECHNIQUES :
1. Introduction
2. Geometric Modeling
3. Salient Features of Solid Modeling
4. Command, Menu and Icon Driven Software’s
5. Features of a Drafting Package
6. Drawing Utilities
7. Entities
8. Edit Commands
9. Blocks and Symbols
10. Display
11. Cross Hatching and Pattern Filling
12. Dimensioning
13. Enquiry Commands
14. 3-D Drawings
15. Plotting a Drawing
16. Configuring the Drafting Software
17. Customization
18. Drawing Interchange Files
19. Drawing Office Management
20. Surface Modeling
21. Representation of Curves and Surfaces
22. Design of Curved Shapes
23. Cubic Splines
24. Bezier Curves
25. B-Splines
26. NURBS and B-Splines
27. Representation of Surfaces
28. Design of Surfaces
29. Parametric Design of Surfaces
30. Bicubic Polynomial Surface Patches
31. Bezier Bicubic Surface Patches
32. Cubic B-Spline Surfaces
33. Surface Modeling in Commercial Drafting and Modeling Software
34. the Conceptual Design Process
35. Sketching the Geometry
36. Understanding Curve and Surface Design
37. Other Features Useful for Conceptual Design
38. Data Transfer to Other Software’s

VII. Finite ELEMENT MODELING AND ANALYSIS IN CIM :
1. Introduction
2. General Steps Involved in Finite Element Analysis
3. Types of Analysis
4. Degrees of Freedom
5. Influence Coefficients
6. Element and Structure Stiffness Equations
7. Assembly of Elements
8. Finite Element Analysis Packages
9. General Structure of a Finite Element Analysis Procedure
10. Architecture of Finite Element Software
11. Using a Finite Element Analysis Package for Simple Problems
12. Elements in a Finite Element Analysis Software
13. Examples of Solution Using a Software
14. Manufacturing Applications
15. Welding Simulation
16. Finite Element Analysis Applications to Metal Forming
17. Simulation of Heat Tratment
18. Plastic Injection Molding

VIII. CIM DATA BASE AND DATA BASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS :
1. Introduction
2. Database Requirements of CIM
3. Data Base
4. Database Management
5. Features of a Database Management System
6. Database Models
7. DBMS Architecture
8. Query Language
9. Structured Query Language [SQL]
10. SQL as a Knowledge Base Query Language
11. Product Data Management (PDM)
12. Advantages of PDM

IX. COMPUTER AIDED PROCESS PLANNING :
1. Introduction
2. Process Planning
3. Structure of a Process Planning Software
4. Information Required for Process Planning
5. Operation of a Typical Computer Aided Process Planning Software
6. Cad Based Process Planning-Certain Limitations and Problems
7. Group Technology
8. Coding Structures
9. Opitz Classification System
10. The Miclass System
11. The Code System
12. Benefits of Group Technology
13. Process Selection
14. Experience-Based Planning
15. Hand Books/Data Books/Manuals
16. Decision Tables and Decision Trees
17. Process Capability
18. Methods of Computer Aided Process Planning
19. Variant Process Planning
20. Generative Process Planning
21. Implementation Considerations
22. Process Planning Systems

X. PLANNING OF RESOURCES FOR MANUFACTURING THROUGH INFORMATION SYSTEMS :
1. Introduction
2. Background
3. Role of MRP-II in a CIM System
4. Major Modules of a Manufacturing Resources Planning (MRP) Software
5. Manufacturing Applications
6. Engineering Applications
7. Financial Applications
8. Marketing Applications
9. Miscellaneous Applications
10. Common Acronyms Used in an MRP-Ii Environment
11. Status of MRP-II Software
12. Dynamic Enterprises
13. Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
14. Supply Chain Management
15. Virtual Manufacturing
16. Selection of an Erp Package
17. ERPIN India
18. Dynamic Enterprise Modelling {Dem)

XI. MANUFACTURING AUTOMATION :
1. Introduction
2. Types of Automation Systems
3. Programmable Logic Controllers
4. Parts of a Typical PLC System
5. Operation of a PLC
6. Programming of PLC
7. Example of Application of PLC in a CNC Machine
8. Factory Level Control

XII. CNC MACHINE TOOLS :
1. Introduction
2. Principle of Operation of a Numerical Controlled Machine
3. Historical Development
4. Types of CNC Machines
5. Features of CNC Systems
6. Direct Numerical Control (DNC)
7. Functions Available in a Typical CNC System
8. Standard Controllers
9. Some of the Features Available in Typical High End CNC System
10. General Programming Features of CNC Systems
11. Programming of CNC Machine Tools
12. Hints for Programming
13. Example of Programming a Vertical Machining Centre
14. CNC Turning a Gear Blank
15. CNC Turning a Casting
16. CNC Program Development and Virtual Machining Using Cam Technology
17. Technology of Cam
18. Procedure of Cam
19. Manufacturing Operations
20. Tool Motion Parameters
21. Auxiliary NC Sequences
22. CL Data Files
23. NC Post-Processing
24. Virtual Machining
25. Summary

XIII. Robots IN COMPUTER INTEGRATED MANUFACTURING :
1. Introduction
2. Definition of a Robot
3. Types of Robots
4. Performance Capabilities
5. Programming Robots
6. Geometric Requirements for the Cad/Robot Linkage
7. Simulation
8. Adaptive Control
9. Robot Operation
10. Ends-Of-Arm-Tooling
11. Control System Operation
12. Applications of Industrial Robots
13. The Integration of the Industrial Robot Into a CIM System
14. Presentation of Work to Robots
15. Product Design for Automatic Manufacture By Robots
16. Manufacturers of Robots

XVI. COMPUTER AIDED Quality Control :
1. Introduction
2. Total Quality Management (Tom)
3. QC and CIM
4. Inspection and Testing
5. Statistical Process Control (SPC)
6. Objectives of CAQC
7. Role of Computer in QC
8. Coordinate Measuring Machine
9. Non-Contact Inspection Methods
10. Post Process Metrology
11. Computer Aided Inspection Using Robots
12. Integrated Computer Aided Inspection Systems
13. Flexible Inspection System (FIS)

XV. FUNDAMENTALS OF NETWORKING :
1. Introduction
2. Principles of Networking
3. Network Techniques
4. Local Area Network (LAN)
5. Components of a Small Local Area Network
6. Network Wiring Methods
7. Network Interface Cards
8. Networking Standards and Their Development
9. Examples of Network Standards
10. Ethernet
11. Issues in Inter-System Communication
12. Network Operating Systems
13. System Security
14. Managing Remote Systems in a Network
15. Design Activity in a Networked Environment
16. Engineering Change Control
17. Networking in a Manufacturing Company
18. Network File System (NFS)
19. Internet
20. Hardware Elements of a Network
21. ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) Networks
22. Enterprise Wide Network
23. Document and Workflow Management System
24. A Case Study of Application of Global Networking

XVI. COLLABORATIVE ENGINEERING :
1. Introduction
2. Faster Design Thruoghput
3. Web Based Design
4. Changing Design Approaches
5. Extended Enterprises
6. Software for Collaborative Design and Enterprise-Wide Product Visualization

XVII. GRAPHIC STANDARDS :
1. Introduction
2. Standards for Graphics Programming
3. FEA Tures of GKS
4. Other Graphics Standards
5. Phigs
6. Opengl
7. Parasolid
8. Acis
9. Exchange of Cad Data Between Software Packages
10. DXF Files
11. Initial Graphics Exchange Specification (IGES) Graphics Standard
12. Product Data Exchange Specification (PDES)
13. Other Data Exchange Formats
14. Product Data Technology Support for Computer Aided Concurrent Engineering

XVIII. CIM MODELS :
1. Introduction
2. Esprit-CIM Os a Model
3. the Nist-Amrf Hierarchical Model
4. the Siemens Model of CIM
5. the CIM Model of Digital Equipment Corporation
6. the Ibm Concept of CIM
7. Present Scenario

XIX. FLEXIBLE MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS :
1. Introduction
2. Subsystems of FMS
3. Scope of FMS
4. FMS Compared to Other Types of Manufacturing Approaches
5. Types of FMS
6. Benefits of FMS
7. Major Elements of FMS
8. Optimisation of FMS
9. Operational Elements of a Typical Flexible Manufacturing Cell
10. Typical FMS Layout
11. FMS Development in India

XX. SHOP FLOOR DATA COLLECTION SYSTEMS :
1. Introduction
2. Shop Floor Control
3. Shop Floor Data Collection
4. Types of Data Collection Systems
5. Data Input Techniques
6. Automatic Data Collection System
7. Bar Code Technology
8. Optical Character Recognition
9. Magnetic Ink Character Recognition
10. Voice Recognition
11. Smart Cards
12. Data Acquisition Systems (Das)

XXI. SIMULATION IN MANUFACTURING :
1. Introduction
2. Types of Simulation
3. Techniques of Simulation
4. Simulation Process for Manufacturing Systems Analysis
5. Simulation Software Packages
6. Application of Simulation
7. Procedure for Simulation Using Software