List of Contributors
1. Alison Bashford, is Professor in the Department of History at the University of Sydney, Australia, and in 2009 she takes up the chair in Australian Studies at Harvard University. She has published widely on the cultural history of medicine and public health. Her books have focused on both British and Australian history in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Professor Bashford's recent work has explored the history of nationalism and imperialism through the history of medicine and science. She is an Honorary Associate of the Unit for the History and Philosophy of Science at the University of Sydney, teaches in the graduate programme in Medical Humanities and is Co-Chair of the 'Nation-Empire-Globe' Research Cluster with Robert Aldrich.
2. Virginia Berridge, is a historian who has worked at the Institute of Psychiatry, the Institute of Historical Research and at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. She has also worked as scientific secretary of a research initiative on drugs which was jointly funded by ESRC, MRC, the Department of Health, the Home Office and the then Scottish Home and Health Department. She is currently Professor of History and head of the Centre for History in Public Health at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine.
This non-historical location and experience has stimulated a continuing interest in the relationship between research, evidence and policy and, in particular, in the relationship between history and policy. Professor Berridge headed the Wellcome Trust funded programme, "Science Speaks to Policy" at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine.
Professor Berridge has published on the history of evidence and policy, on drug and alcohol policy, inequalities, HFV/AIDS and most recently on smoking and the ideology of post war public health.
3. Sanjoy Bhattacharya, is Reader at the Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of Medicine at University College London. He specialises in the history of nineteenth- and twentieth-century South Asia, as well as the history of international and global health programmes deployed in the South Asian subcontinent and beyond. Dr Bhattacharya's current work examines the structures and workings of health programmes sponsored and managed by agencies of the United Nations like the World Health Organization; the development of public health and medical institutions at all levels of national and local administration; and the diversity of social and political responses to state-and non-governmental organisation-run schemes of preventive and curative medicine. He is also developing an active research programme dealing with the absorption of medical professionals from across South Asia, with particular reference to India and Sri Lanka, into the United Kingdom's National Health Service.
4. Anne-Emanuelle Birn, is Canada Research Chair in International Health and Associate Professor of International Development Studies and Public Health Sciences at the University of Toronto. Her research explores the history of public health in Latin America and the history and politics of international health. She is the author of : Marriage of Convenience : Rockefeller International Health and Revolutionary Mexico (University of Rochester Press, 2006) and lead author of the forthcoming Textbook of International Health, 3rd ed. (Oxford University Press).
5. Patrice Bourdelais, is Professor at the Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales (EHESS) in Paris. Professor Bourdelais is a specialist in the history of public health and population. He is Coordinator of the European Masters programme, "Dynamics of Health and Welfare" and responsible for the Ph.D. programme, "Sante, population, politiques socials".
He has published extensively on cholera epidemics, the history of population ageing, and more recently on the history of public health and of epidemics. Some of his publications are Les Hygienistes, enjeux, modeles et pratiques (Paris: Belin, 2001) and the recently translated Epidemics Laid Low : A History of What Happened in Rich Countries (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006).
6. Harold J. Cook is Director of The Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of Medicine at UCL, helping to promote the discipline throughout the world as making fundamental contributions to the understanding of the human condition. In his academic work, he continues to investigate subjects related to early modern English medicine, but now gives most of his energy to medicine and natural history in the Dutch Golden Age in an attempt to reassess the relationships between the beginnings of a worldwide trading system and a worldwide exchange of information about nature. His latest book, Matters of Exchange: Commerce, Medicine, and Science in the Dutch Golden Age was published by Yale University Press in 2007. He is also co-editor of the journal Medical History, serves on many advisory boards and professional bodies, and has been elected to an honorary Fellowship of the Royal College of Physicians.
7. Paul Greenough is Professor of History and of Community and Behavioral Health at the University of Iowa (USA). He is a former director of the university's Global Health Studies Program and is currently the Principal Investigator of the South Asian Pilot Tsunami Research Project. He is the author of Prosperity and Misery in Modern Bengal (New York : Oxford University Press, 1982) and co-edited Against Stigma: Studies in Caste, Race and Justice since Durban (Hyderabad: Orient Blackswan, forthcoming). His recent research focuses on vaccine development in South Asia, popular responses to tsunamis in the Indian Ocean, environmental health and the culture of innovation in science and technology in India.
8. Anne Hardy was educated at Oxford and joined the staff of the Wellcome Institute in 1990 after a period of research funding. Her research interests are the modern period, more especially the history of disease, environment and nutrition. She is the author of Tire Epidemic Streets: Infectious Disease and the Rise of Preventive Medicine, 1856-1900 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993), Health and Medicine in Britain since 1860 (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2001), co-author of Prevention and Cure : A History of the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (London : Kegan Paul, 2001), and co-editor of two volumes of collected essays, and has published numerous articles in academic journals. Her on-going research project is on the history of the salmonellas and salmonellosis since 1880. She is currently Professor of the History of Modern Medicine and Deputy Director of the Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of Medicine at UCL.
9. Wendy Hollway is Professor of Psychology at the Open University, UK. She is interested in applying psychosocial principles to theorising subjectivity, to methodology and to empirical research on identity. Her ESRC-funded research on the transition to a maternal identity uses both free association narrative interview and psychoanalytic observation methods. Her latest book, The Capacity to Care, was published by Routledge in 2006. Earlier books include Changing the Subject: Psychology, Social Regulation and Subjectivity, with Julian Henriques, Cathy Urwin, Couze Venn and Valeric Walkerdine (Routledge, 1984/1998); Subjectivity and Method in Psychology (Routledge, 1989); Mothering and Ambivalence, co-edited with Brid Featherstone (London : Sage, 1997); and Doing Qualitative Research Differently, with Tony Jefferson (London: Sage, 2000). In 2008, she begins an ESRC Fellowship entitled "Maternal Identity, Care and Intersubjectivity : A Psychosocial Approach".
10. Tony Jefferson is Visiting Presidential Scholar at John Jay College of Criminal Justice, City University of New York. He has researched and published widely on questions of youth subcultures, the media, policing, race and crime, masculinity, fear of crime and, most recently, racial violence. His published works include Psychosocial Criminology, with Dave Gadd (London : Sage, 2007); Doing Qualitative Research Differently, with Wendy Hollway (London : Sage, 2000); Masculinities, Social Relations and Crime, 1996 (special issue of the British Journal of Criminology, co-edited with Pat Carlen); The Case Against Paramilitary Policing (Milton Keynes: Open University Press, 1990); Interpreting Policeivork, with R Grimshaw (London/Boston: Alien and Unwin, 1987) and Controlling the Constable, with R Grimshaw (London: Frederick Muller Ltd., 1984); Policing the Crisis, with Stuart Hall et al. (London: Macmillan, 1978); and Resistance through Rituals, co-edited with Stuart Hall (Hutchinson, 1976; Routledge, 2006). He is currently working on a book on racial violence.
11. Stephen Kunitz is Professor Emeritus in the Division of Social and Behavior Medicine, Department of Community and Preventive Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York. He trained first as a physician and then got an M.A. in History of Medicine and a Ph.D. in Sociology, both from Yale University. His research interests have been in the history of medicine and of population, as well as in the health of indigenous peoples. Much of his field research has been in the American Southwest with American Indians.
12. Roderick Lawrence is Professor at the Faculty of Economic and Social Sciences at the University of Geneva and he works with the Human Ecology Group. He has served as a Consultant to the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) and the World Health Organization (WHO). From 1998 to 2003, he was Chairperson of the Evaluation Advisory Committee of the WHO-EURO Healthy Cities project.
13. Socrates Litsios retired from the World Health Organization in 1997, at which time he was Senior Scientist in the Division of Control of Tropical Diseases. He currently lives in Baulmes, Switzerland. His interest in medical history developed while working with the Malaria Action Program of WHO in the 1980s. This led to his writing "The Tomorrow of Malaria" and numerous articles. He is currently completing the official history of the third decade of WHO from!968 to!977, and is working on several papers related to the life of Selskar Gunn.
14. Michael G. Marmot is Director of the International Institute for Society and Health, and MRC Research Professor of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London. Professor Marmot has led a research group on health inequalities for the past thirty years. He is Principal Investigator of the Whitehall Studies of British civil servants, investigating explanations for the striking inverse social gradient in morbidity and mortality. He leads the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA) and is engaged in several international research efforts on the social determinants of health. He chairs the Department of Health Scientific Reference Group on tackling health inequalities. He was a member of the Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution for six years. In 2000, he was knighted by Her Majesty, the Queen for services to epidemiology and understanding health inequalities. Internationally acclaimed, Professor Marmot is Vice President of the Academia Europaea, a member of the RAND Health Advisory Board, a Foreign Associate Member of the Institute of Medicine (IOM), and Chair of the Commission on Social Determinants of Health set up by the World Health Organization in 2005. He won the Balzan Prize for Epidemiology in 2004 and gave the Harveian Oration in 2006.
15. Randall M. Packard is William H. Welch Professor of the History of Medicine and Director of the Institute of the History of Medicine at the Johns Hopkins University. He is also Editor of the Bulletin of the History of Medicine. Prior to taking up his current position, he taught at Emory University, where he was Director of the Center for the Study of Health, Culture and Society; and at Tufts University. Professor Packard is a specialist in the social history of health and disease in Africa and in the history of international health. He is the author of several books and edited collections, including: Chiefship and Cosmology: The Politics of Ritual Chiefship (Indiana University Press, 1982); White Plague, Black Labor: Tuberculosis and the Political Economy of Health and Disease in South Africa (Indiana University Press, 1989) and Malaria: The Making of a Tropical Disease: A Short History of Malaria (Indiana University Press, 2007).
16. Imrana Qadeer taught at the Centre for Social Medicine and Community Health at Jawaharlal Nehru University for thirty-five years. She has researched and published on various aspects of organisation of public health services, workers' and women's health in India, epidemiology and research methodology. She is currently a member of the Steering Committee of the National Rural Health Mission, and a Fellow of the Centre for Women's Development Studies, New Delhi.
17. Kasturi Sen is currently Director of Research at INTRAC, a UK-based international NGO. She is a social scientist by training and has worked on major research projects in the realms of international health and development in the Middle East and South Asia. Her particular interests are comparative research on health and development and on the social, economic and cultural aspects of ageing worldwide.
18. Abla Mehio-Sibai is Associate Professor and Chair at the Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut. She has been involved in a number of major research projects on population health and was Scientific Coordinator of the multi-centre European Commission-funded research on Traumatic Injury Related Disability and the National Burden of Disease Study in Lebanon. Professor Sibai has focused during the past ten years mainly on ageing issues, and in particular, on the cardiovascular and mental health of older persons. Much of her research was in collaboration with researchers from the UK and the US.
19. Jan Sundin is Professor Emeritus at the Tema Health and Society, Einkoping University, Sweden. He was Director of the Demographic Database, Umea University from 1976 to 1983, Associate Professor at the Tema Department, Einkoping University from 1984 to 1995 and has been Professor at the Department of Health and Society, University of Einkoping from 1995. His research interests are social history, the history of health and social change, historical demography and history of crime and judicial institutions. He recently published Social Changes and Health in Sweden: 250 Years of Politics and Practice, with Sam Willner (Stockholm : Swedish National Institute of Public Health, 2007).
20. Simon Szreter is Reader in History and Public Policy in the Faculty of History, University of Cambridge; and Fellow and Director of Studies in History of St John's College, Cambridge.
Dr Szreter has authored and edited books and articles in the fields of modern demographic history, the history of demography and the social sciences, and in public health. His work reflects the view that history provides an essential learning resource for those involved in contemporary policy.
His principal contributions in the field of health and development have been published in Social History of Medicine, Population and Development Review, Economic History Review, American Journal of Public Health and International Journal of Epidemiology and World Development. These were collected together and published by the University of Rochester Press/Boydell and Brewer in 2005 as Health and Wealth: Studies in History and Policy. He was also co-author of the recent "Who Counts?" series on Civil Registration in The Lancet, 29 October 2007.
His other main publications have been Fertility, Class and Gender in Britain, 1860-1940 (Cambridge University Press, 1996); Changing Family Size in England and Wales, 1891-1911: Place, Class and Demography, co-authored with E. Garrett, A. Reid and K. Schurer (Cambridge University Press, 2001); and Categories and Context: Anthropological and Historical Studies in Critical Demography, co-edited with H. Sholkamy and A. Dharmalingam (Cambridge University Press, 2005).
21. Tilli Tansey, is Reader in the History of Modern Medical Sciences at the Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of Medicine at University College London. She has co-authored and co-edited several books on the recent history of the pharmaceutical industry, pharmacology and physiology. Dr Tansey is an Honorary Member of the Royal College of Physicians of London and a Fellow of the Academy of Medical Sciences. She began the Wellcome Witness Seminar series in 1993, and has co-organised and co-edited all meetings since then.
22. Sam Willner, is Associate Professor at Tema Health and Society, Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, Linkoping University, Sweden. Editor of Hygiea International' an interdisciplinary journal for the history of public health
His research interests are socio-economic conditions and health in a historical perspective. He recently published Social Changes and Health in Sweden: 250 Years of Politics and Practice, with Jan Sundin (Stockholm : Swedish National Institute of Public Health, 2007).
List of Tables, Figures and Maps
Chap. I :
Figure 1.1. Life expectancy at birth (in years) : Australia and Papua New Guinea, 2006
Figure 1.2. Life expectancy at birth (in years) : Australia, Indigenous Australia and Papua New Guinea, 2004-2006
Chap. II :
Figure 4.1. The demographic transition: Sweden, 1750-2000
Table 4.1. Remaining average life expectancy at different ages, 1751-2002
Figure 4.2. Infant mortality per 1,000 births in the county of Ostergotland (moving 5-years average) and in Sweden (5-year periods), 1751-1857
Figure 4.3a, b. Sex-specific mortality in ages 25-49 years for major causes of death in the town of Linkoping and surrounding countryside parishes, 1750-1814
Figure 4.4a. Male and female mortality among infants in Sweden, 1750-1900
Figure 4.4b. Male and female mortality among children 5-9 years old in Sweden, 1750-1900
Figure 4.5a. Cumulative infant mortality per 1,000 births among children of (1) middle class; (2) craftsmen's families; (3) working class and (4) children born outside marriage in Linkoping, 1774-1796, according to "biometrical method" on a logarithmic time-scale
Figure 4.5b. Cumulative infant mortality per 1,000 births among children of (1) middle class; (2) craftsmen's amilies; (3) working class and (4) children born outside marriage in Linkoping, 1821-1848, according to "biometrical method" on a logarithmic time-scale
Figure 4.c. Life expectancy for males: Sweden, France and England & Wales, 1800-2001
Figure 4.7. Mortality among Swedish men and women, 30-34 years old, 1750-1900 92
Figures 4.8a, b. Mortality rates by class (N = population at risk per year) and causes of death before and during the first phase of mortality decline in the pre-industrial city of Linkoping
Figure 4.9. Sex-specific mortality in ages 25-49 years for major causes of death : Sweden, 1826-1830
Figure 4.10. Mortality among Swedish men and women, 70-74 years old, 1750-1900
Figure 4.11. Consumption of alcohol (litres in 100s per 1,000 aged 15 +) Sweden, 1870-1995; moving 5-year averages
Figure 4.12. Mortality specified for age, sex and marital status : Sweden, 1881-1890, deaths per 1,000
Figures 4.13a, b. Age-standardised mortality in ages 25-64 years among married and non-married men and women, 1901-2004 100
Maps 4.1 a-e. Regional mortality by county, in ages 20-69 : Sweden, 1856-1995
Chap. VI :
Figure 6.1. Male and female life expectancy at birth: England and Wales, 1625-2002 (25-year intervals)
Figure 6.2. Male and female life expectancy at birth at different income levels
Figure 6.3. Female-male difference in life expectancy at different levels of total life expectancy
Figure 6.4. Female minus male life expectancy and per capita income, 2000
Figure 6.5. GDP per capita and life expectancy at birth : Males and females, Russian Federation, 1980-2000
Figure 6.6. Life expectancy at birth : Countries that comprised the former Yugoslavia, 1960-2000
Figure 6.7. Life expectancy at birth of the population of England and Wales and of the British Peerage
Table 6.1. Life expectancy at age twenty
Chap. VII :
Table 7.1. Selected demographic and socio-economic indicators for the six Mohafazat
Table 7.2. Baseline characteristics of study subjects and PTSD according to exposure group
Chap. VIII :
Figure 8.1. A reference model for the analysis of the social, spatial and temporal dimensions of units of analysis
Chap. IX :
Figure 9.1. Infant mortality rate : Some cross-national comparisons
Figure 9.2. Uruguayan infant mortality and institutional developments relating to infant health, 1892-1950
Figure 9.3. Rural-urban infant mortality rates (Montevideo and the 'Interior')
Figure 9.4. Infant mortality rates by leading causes : Uruguay, 1901-1953
Figure 9.5. Neonatal and post-neonatal mortality rates : Uruguay, 1893-1951
Chap. XII :
Figure 11.1. Life expectancy and GDP per capita
Figure 11.2. Life expectancy and GDP per capita (without African countries experiencing AIDS)
Chap. XIII :
Figure 13.1. Urban growth in England, the Netherlands and France, 1600-1850 (percentage of population living in towns of more than 5,000 inhabitants)
Chap. XIV :
Table 14.1. Witness Seminars held and published, 1993-2005