About The Book
Displacement by development projects has emerged as a major issue causing widespread concern and demanding immediate attention. Some 60 million people have been displaced and reduced largely to a State of permanent Poverty since independence. This situation is unlikely to improve given the pressures of acquiring land for private industry and now the Special Economic Zones (SEZs). The Social Development Report 2008 focuses on the displacement crisis of Project-affected Persons who are seldom adequately compensated and resettled. It advocates development that ensures minimum disruption and a share of its benefits to the affected.
With contributions from well-known social scientists, resettlement specialists, development practitioners, and human right activists, this Report :
- presents new data on the size and impact of displacement
- advises against indiscriminate opposition to every project
- urges reforming the resettlement policy and the Legal system
- makes policy recommendations to improve the lives of affected people
In addition, it highlights the social impact of the right to information law, the national Rural Employment guarantee scheme, and the various recent initiatives in Education and health. It also provides an updated Social Development Index.
This Report will be a useful resource for economists, policymakers, development planners, administrators, industry managers, MNCs, international development agencies, NGOs, and the media.
Contents
Searchrd/Muchkund Dubey
Part A : DEVELOPMENT AND DISPLACEMENT :
Introduction and Overview/Hart Mohan Mathur
I. Areas of Major Concern :
1. Development, Displacement, and Resettlement : A Human Rights Perspective/Upendra Baxi
2. The Land Acquisition Act 1894 : Displacement and State Power/Usha Ramanathan
3. Towards a Just Resettlement and Rehabilitation Policy for India/Shekhar Singh
4. Reforming Resettlement : Supplementing Compensation with Investments and Benefit Sharing/Michael M. Cernea
5. Protest against Displacement by Development Projects : The Indian Case/T.K. Oommen
II. Dimensions and Impacts of Displacement :
6. Sixty Years of Development-induced Displacement in India : Scale, Impacts, and the Search for Alternatives/Walter Fernandes
7. Cultural Genocide : The Real Impact of Development-induced Displacement/Felix Padel and Samarendra Das
8. Nutrition and Health Impacts of Involuntary Resettlement : The Tehri Dam Experience/Satish Kedia
9. Development Projects and Displaced Women/Ritu Dewan
III. Displacement Impacts in Different Project Types :
10. Urban Development Projects and Displacement of the Poor/Dunu Roy
11. Displacement and Resettlement Issues in Road Sector Projects/Surinder Aggarwal and Mohammad Zaman
12. Conservation-induced Displacement in India's Protected Areas/Mahesh Rangarajan and Ghazala Shahabuddin
IV. The Way Forward :
13. Managing the Consequences of Development-induced Displacement/Hari Mohan Mathur
Part B : SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT : THE PAST Two YEARS :
An Introductory Note/Hari Mohan Mathur
V. New Legal Enactments :
14. The Right to Information Act 2005 : A Social Development Perspective/Aruna Roy, Nikhil Dey, and Suchi Pande
15. The National Rural Employment Guarantee Act : Guaranteeing the Right to Livelihood/Ashok K. Pankaj
VI. Developments in the Education and Health Sectors :
16. Common School System in Bihar : Norms, Standards, and Financial Implications/The Bihar (Common School System Commission
17. Health Sector : Issues and Challenges/C. Sathyamala and N.J. Kurian
Notes on Contributors
List of Tables
6.1. Number of DPs/PAPs by Project Types in States Where Studies Have Been Done
6.2. State-wise Caste/Tribe of DP/PAPs
6.3. Number of DPs and the Number Resettled
6.4. Extent and Proportion of Private and Common Land Acquired (in ha)
15.1. Incidence of Indebtedness among Farmers in Major Indian States, 2003
15.2. Districts and Population under the NREGA (The First Phases)
15.3. Rural Poor and Persons Registered for Job Cards
15.4. Number and Percentage of Households Registered and Issued Job Cards
15.5. NREGA Employment Demanded and Provided, 2006-7 and 2007-8 (up to July 2007)
15.6. NREGA Employment Demanded and Provided, 2006-7 and 2007-8
15.7. Types of Works Under the NREGS
15.8. Distribution of Expenditure on Wages and Material
15.9. Ranking of States in Terms of Fund Utilization Ratio, 2006-7 and 2007-8 (up to July)
15.10. Differences between Earnings of NREGS Workers and Migrant Workers (Rs)
15.11. Male-Female Wage Rate of Casual Workers in Farm and Non-farm Sectors
16.1. Structure of Schools
16.2. Estimated Number of Schoolgoing Children in Bihar (2007-8 to 2016-17)
16.3. Year-wise Target for Construction of New School Buildings (Primary Schools) (2007-8 to 2016-17)
16.4. Year-wise Target for Construction of New School Buildings (Middle School) ('000) (2008-9 to 2016-17)
16.5. Year-wise Target for Construction of New School Buildings (Senior Secondary School) (2008-9 to 2016-17) ('000)
16.6. Estimated Year-wise Requirement of Buildings, Teachers and Non-teaching Staff for Schools (2007-8 to 2016-17)
16.7. Estimated Unit Cost for Building of a New Primary School
16.8. Estimated Unit Cost for Building of a New Middle School
16.9. Estimated Unit Cost for Building of a New Senior Secondary School
16.10. Assumed Average Monthly Salary of Teaching and Non-teaching Staff
16.11. Estimated Annual Non-salary Recurring Expenditure in Primary, Middle and Senior Secondary Schools
16.12. Estimated Year-wise Non-recurring Expenditure for Buildings of New Schools and Upgradation of Infrastructure of Existing Schools (2008-9 to 2016-17)
16.13. Estimated Total Non-recurring Expenditure for Building, Renovation and Strengthening of Teacher Education Institutions
16.14. Estimated Yearly Recurring Expenditure for Primary, Middle and Senior Secondary Schools (2008-9 to 2016-17)
16.15. Estimated Annual Recurring Expenditure for Teacher Education Institutions
16.16. Estimated Year-wise Number of Required Additional Teachers and Non-teaching Staff (2008-9 to 2016-17)
16.17. Estimated Year-wise Number of Teachers to be Trained (2008-9 to 2016-17)
16.18. Estimated Year-wise Recurring Expenditure for Teacher Training (2008-9 to 2016-17)
16.19. Estimated Year-wise Total Expenditure (Non-Recurring and Recurring) on School Education Sector (2008-9 to 2016-17)
16.20. Estimated Year-wise Total Expenditure (Non-recurring and Recurring) for School Education Sector at 2007-8 and Current Prices
16.21. Trend of Total Expenditure, Expenditure on Education and Expenditure on School Education in Bihar (2004-5 to 2007-8)
16.22. Projected Public Expenditure on School Education, the Required Public Expenditure on School Education for CSS and the Resulting Additional Expenditure (2008-9 to 2016-17)
16.23. Alternative Estimates of Additional Expenditure for CSS Assuming Enhanced Allocation Ratio for Expenditure on School Education and Moderate Expenses for New School Buildings (2008-9 to 2016-17)
17.1. CBR/CDR/Expectation of Life at Birth and IMR in India, 1921-2001
17.2. Average Annual Deaths in British India (Excluding Burma), 1932—41
17.3. Health Infrastructure Development
17.4. Communicable Diseases, Availability of Safe Water Supply and Excreta Disposal, 1945-93
17.5. CDR/IMR/Life Expectancy of Selected Countries
17.6. IMR in Selected States
17.7. Access to Medical Care
17.8. Medical Care Available at the lime of Pregnancy and Post Delivery
17.9. Health Status of Women and Children
17.10. Socio-economic Indicators
17.11. Correlation of IMR of the 'Bigger' States with Selected Variables
17.12. Proportion of Caesarean Sections in Some Delhi Hospitals
18.1. Changes in Ranking, 2001-5
18.2. Social Development Index : Levels and Disparity, 2001
A1. Six Component Indices and the Aggregate Index as Obtained by Range Equalization Method for Rural Areas during 2005 for Large States
A2. Six Component Indices and the Aggregate Index as Obtained by Range Equalization Method for Urban Areas during 2005 for Large States
A3. Six Component Indices and the Aggregate Index as Obtained by Range Equalization Method for Combined Areas during 2005 for Smaller States
A4. Five Component Indices and the Aggregate Index as Obtained by Range Equalization Method by Social Croup (SC) during 2001 for Large States
A5. Five Component Indices and the Aggregate Index as Obtained by Range Equalization Method by Social Croup (ST) during 2001 for Large States
A6. Five Component Indices and the Aggregate Index as Obtained by Range Equalization Method by Social Croup (Non-SCs/STs) during 2001 for Large States
A7. three Component Indices and the Aggregate Index as Obtained by Range Equalization Method by Gender during 2001
List of Figures
4.1. Land Compensation in China : Policy Provisions on Minimum and Maximum Levels
15.1. Distribution of Schemes Completed, 2006-7
15.2. Distribution of Schemes Completed, 2007-8
15.3. Distribution of Ongoing Schemes, 2007-8
15.4. Percentage Expenditure against Total Available Funds 2006-7, 2007-8
18.1. Social Development Index for Rural Areas, 2005
18.2. Social Development Index for Urban Areas, 2005
18.3. Social Development Index for Combined Areas, 2005
18.4. Social Development Index for Combined Areas, 2005
18.5. Social Development Index for SCs Across States, 2001
18.6. Social Development Index for STs Across States, 2001
18.7. Social Development Index for Others (Non-SCs/STs) Across States, 2001
18.8. Social Development Index for Men, 2005
18.9. Social Development Index for Women, 2005
18.10. State-wise Relative Disparity and Absolute Cap by Gender