Power Electronics

This text Book provides a lucid and comprehensive treatment of the subject, Power Electronics. Characteristics of power diodes, power transistors and thyristors and also other related topics, giving an up-to-date account, then each chapter begins at an introductory level and is so developed progressively than an average Student can comprehend the subject matter easily. The Topics covered in this volume include diode circuits and rectifiers, phase controlled rectifiers, inverters, ac voltage controllers etc.

A Large number of illustrative figures and a wide variety of worked examples add to the clarity of presentation. A sufficient number of unsolved problems with answers, conceptual questions and hints to the relatively difficult ones are given at the end of each chapter. This book will serve the students as a textbook during their Academic Career and as a reference text during their Professional career.

Dr. P.S. BHIMBHRA has retired as a professor of Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology (Deemed University) Patiala. A graduate of Punjab Engineering College, Chandigarh, he received his M.E. (Hons.) and Ph.D. from University of Roorkee, Roorkee ; now known as Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee. He is fellow of the Institution of Engineers (India) and a life member of ISTE. He has published several papers in renowned journals. His other two books, "Electrical Machinery" and "Generalized Theory of Electrical Machines" have been well received by the technical fraternity for over two decades. His areas of current interest include Electrical Machines, Power Electronics and Electric Drives.

I. INTRODUCTION :
1. Concept of Power Electronics
2. Applications of Power Electronics
3. Advantages and Disadvantages of Power-electronic Converters
4. Power Electronic Systems
5. Power Semiconductor Devices
6. Types of Power Electronic Converters
7. Power Electronic Modules

II. POWER SEMICONDUCTOR DIODES AND TRANSISTORS :
1. The p-n Junction :
i. Depletion Layer

2. Basic Structure of Power Diodes
3. Characteristics of Power Diodes :
i. Diode I-V Characteristics
ii. Diode Reverse Recovery Characteristics

4. Types of Power Diodes :
i. General-purpose Diodes
ii. Fast-recovery Diodes
iii. Schottky Diodes

5. Power Transistors :
i. Bipolar Junction Transistors :
a. Steady-state Characteristics
b. BJT Switching Performance
c. Safe Operating Area

6. Power MOSFETS :
i. Pmosfet Characteristics
ii. Pmosfet Applications
iii. Comparison of PMOSFET with BJT

7. Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT) :
i. Basic Structure
ii. Equivalent Circuit
iii. Working
iv. Latch-up in IGBT
v. IGBT Characteristics
vi. Switching Characteristics
vii. Application of IGBTs
viii. Comparison of IGBT with MOSFET

8. Static Induction Transistor (SIT)
9. MOS-controlled Thyristor (MCT)
10. New Semiconducting Materials

III. DIODE CIRCUITS AND RECTIFIERS :
1. Diode Circuits with dc Source :
i. Resistive Load :
ii. RC Load :
iii. RI Load
iv. LC Load
v. RIG Load

2. Freewheeling Diodes
3. Diode and L Circuit
4. Recovery of Trapped Energy
5. Single-phase Diode Rectifiers :
i. Single-phase Half-wave Rectifier

6. Zener Diodes
7. Performance Parameters :
i. Input Performance Parameters
ii. Output Performance Parameters

8. Comparison of Single-phase Diode Rectifiers :
i. Single-phase Half-wave Rectifier
ii. Single-phase Full-wave Mid-point Rectifier
iii. Single-phase Full-wave Bridge Rectifier

9. Three-phase Rectifiers :
i. Three-phase Half-wave Diode Rectifier
ii. Three-phase Mid-point 6-pulse Diode Rectifier
iii. Multiphase Diode Rectifier
iv. Evolution of Three-phase Bridge Rectifier
v. Three-phase Bridge Rectifier
vi. Three-phase Twelve-pulse Rectifier

10. Filters :
i. Capacitor Filter (c-filter)
ii. Inductor Filter (l-filter)
iii. I-C Filter

IV. THYRISTORS :
1. Terminal Characteristics of Thyristors :
i. Static I-V Characteristics of a Thyristor

2. Thyristor Turn-on Methods
3. Switching Characteristics of Thyristors :
i. Switching Characteristics During Turn-on
ii. Switching Characteristics During Turn-off

4. Thyristor Gate Characteristics
5. Two-transistor Model of a Thyristor
6. Thyristor Ratings :
i. Anode Voltage Ratings
ii. Current Ratings

7. Thyristor Protection :
i. Design of Snubber Circuits
ii. Overvoltage Protection :
a. Suppression of Overvoltages

iii. Overcurrent Protection
iv. Gate Protection

8. Improvement of Thyristor Characteristics :
i. Improvement in di/dt Rating :
a. Higher-gate Current
b. Structural Modification of the Device

ii. Improvement in dv/dt Rating

9. Heating, Cooling arid Mounting of Thyristors :
i. Thermal Resistance
ii. Heat Sink Specifications
iii. Thyristor Mounting Techniques

10. Series and Parallel Operation of Thyristors :
i. Series Operation
ii. Parallel Operation

11. Other Members of the Thyristor Family :
i. PUT (Programmable Unijunction Transistor)
ii. SUS (Silicon Unilateral Switch)
iii. SCS (Silicon Controlled Switch)
iv. Light Activated Thyristors
v. The Diac (Bidirectional Thyristor Diode)
vi. The Triac
vii. Asymmetrical Thyristor (ASCR)
viii. Reverse Conducting Thyristor (RCT)
ix. Other Thyristor Devices

12. Gate Turn off Thyristor (GTO) :
i. Basic Structure :
a. Turn-on Process
b. Turn-off Process

ii. Static I-V Characteristics
iii. Switching Performance :
a. Gate Turn-on
b. Gate Turn-off

iv. Comparison Between GTO and Thyristor
v. Application of GTOs

13. Static Induction Thyristor (SITH) :
i. Basic Structure
ii. Turn-on and Turn-off Processes
iii. Application of SITH and Comparison with GTO

14. Firing Circuits for Thyristors :
i. Main Features of Firing Circuits
ii. Resistance and Resistance-capacitance Firing Circuits
iii. Unijunction Transistor (UJT)

15. Pulse Transformer in Firing Circuits
16. Triac Firing Circuit
17. Gating Circuits for Single-Phase Converters :
i. Gate Pulse Amplifiers
ii. Pulse Train Gating

18. Cosine Firing Scheme

V. THYRISTOR COMMUTATION TECHNIQUES :
1. Class A Commutation : Load Commutation
2. Class B Commutation : Resonant-pulse Commutation
3. Class C Commutation : Complementary Commutation
4. Class D Commutation : Impulse Commutation
5. Class E Commutation : External Pulse Commutation
6. Class F Commutation : Line Commutation

VI. PHASE CONTROLLED RECTIFIERS :
1. Principle of Phase Control :
i. Single-phase Half-wave Circuit with RL Load :
ii. Single-phase Half-wave Circuit with RL Load and Freewheeling Diode
iii. Single-phase Half-wave Circuit with RLE Load

2. Full-wave Controlled Converters
3. Single-phase Full-wave Converter :
i. Single-phase Full-wave Mid-point Converter (M-2 Connection)
ii. Single-phase Full-wave Bridge Converters :
a. Single-phase Full Converter (B-2 Connection)
c. Single-phase Semiconverter
d. Analysis of Two-pulse Bridge Converter with Continuous Conduction

4. Single-phase Two-pulse Converters with Discontinuous Load :
i. Single-phase Full Converter with Discontinuous Current
ii. Single-phase Semiconverter with Discontinuous Current

5. Performance Parameters of Two-pulse Converters :
i. Single-phase Full Converter
ii. Single-phase Semiconverter

6. Single-phase Symmetrical and Asymmetrical Semiconverters :
i. Single-phase Symmetrical Semiconverter
ii. Single-phase Asymmetrical Semiconverter

7. Three-phase Thyristor Converters :
i. Three-phase Half-wave Controlled Converter :
a. Three-phase M-3 Converter with R Load
b. Three-phase M-3 Converter with RL Load

ii. Three-phase Full Converters
iii. Three-phase Semiconverters
iv. Multi-pulse Controlled Converters

8. Performance Parameters of 3-phase Full Converters
9. Effect of Source Impedance on the Performance of Converters :
i. Single-phase Full Converter
ii. Three-phase Full Converter Bridge

10. Dual Converters :
i. Ideal Dual Converter
ii. Practical Dual Converter

11. Some Worked Examples

VII. CHOPPERS :
1. Principle of Chopper Operation
2. Control Strategies :
i. Time Ratio Control (trc)

3. Step-up Choppers
4. Types of Chopper Circuits :
i. First-quadrant, or Type-A, Chopper
ii. Second-quadrant, or Type B, Chopper
iii. Two-quadrant Type-A Chopper, or Type-C Chopper
iv. Two-quadrant Type-B Chopper, or Type-D Chopper
v. Four-quadrant Chopper, or Type-E Chopper

5. Steady State Time-domain Analysis of Type-A Chopper :
i. Steady State Ripple
ii. Limit of Continuous Conduction
iii. Computation of Extinction Time
iv. Fourier Analysis of Output Voltage

6. Thyristor Chopper Circuits :
i. Voltage-commutated Chopper
ii. Current-commutated Chopper
iii. Load-commutated Chopper

7. Multiphase Choppers

VII. INVERTERS :
1. Single-phase Voltage Source Inverters : Operating Principle :
i. Single-phase Bridge Inverters
ii. Steady-state Analysis of Single-phase Inverter

2. Fourier Analysis of Single-phase Inverter Output Voltage
3. Force-commutated Thyristor Inverters :
i. Modified Mcmurray Half-bridge Inverter
ii. Modified Mcmurray Full-bridge Inverter
iii. McMurray-Bedford Half-bridge Inverter
iv. McMurray-Bedford Full-bridge Inverter

4. Three Phase Bridge Inverters :
i. Three-phase 180 Degree Mode VSI
ii. Three-phase 120 Degree Mode VSI

5. Voltage Control in Single-phase Inverter? :
i. External Control of ac Output Voltage
ii. External Control of dc Input Voltage
iii. Internal Control of Inverter

6. Pulse-width Modulated Inverters :
i. Single-pulse Modulation
ii. Multiple-pulse Modulation
iii. Sinusoidal-pulse Modulation (SPWM)
iv. Realization of PWM in Single-phase Bridge Inverters

7. Reduction of Harmonics in the Inverter Output Voltage :
i. Harmonic Reduction by PWM
ii. Harmonic Reduction by Transfer. ner Connections
iii. Harmonic Reduction by Stepped-wave Inverters

8. Current Source Inverters :
i. Single-phase CSI with Ideal Switches
ii. Single-phase Capacitor-commutated CSI With R Load
iii. Single-phase Auto-sequential Commutated Inverter (1-phase ASCI)

9. Series Inverters :
i. Basic Series Inverter
ii. Analysis of Basic Series Inverter
iii. Modified Series Inverter
iv. Half-Bridge Series Inverter

10. Single-Phase Parallel Inverter :
i. Analysis of Parallel Inverter

11. Good Inverter

IX. AC VOLTAGE CONTROLLERS :
1. Principle of Phase Control
2. Principle of Integral Cycle Control
3. Single-phase Voltage Controllers :
i. Single-Phase Voltage Controller with R Load
ii. Single-Phase Voltage Controller with RL Load

4. Sequence Control of ac Voltage Controllers :
i. Two-stage Sequence Control of Voltage Controllers
ii. Multistage Sequence Control of Voltage Controllers
iii. Single-phase Sinusoidal Voltage Controller

X. CYCLOCONVERTERS :
1. Principle of Cycloconverter Operation :
i. Single-phase to Single-phase Circuit-step-up Cycloconverter :
a. Mid-point Cycloconverter
b. Bridge-type Cycloconverter

ii. Single-phase to Single-phase Circuit-step-down Cycloconverter :
a. Mid-point Cycloconverter
c. Bridge-type Cycloconverter

2. Three-phase Half-wave Cycloconverters :
i. Three-phase to Single-phase Cycloconverters
ii. Three-phase to Three-phase Cycloconverters

3. Output Voltage Equation for a Cycloconverter
4. Load-commutated Cycloconverter

XI. SOME APPLICATIONS :
1. Switched Mode Power Supply (SMPS) :
i. Flyback Converter
ii. Push-pull Converter
iii. Half-bridge Converter
iv. Full-bridge Converter

2. Uninterruptible Power Supplies
3. High Voltage dc Transmission :
i. Types of HVDC Link
ii. Bipolar HVDC System
iii. Control of HVDC Converters

4. Static Switches :
i. Single-phase ac Switches
ii. Dc Switches
iii. Design of Static Switches

5. Static Circuit Breakers :
i. Static ac Circuit Breakers
ii. Static dc Circuit Breakers

6. Solid State Relays :
i. DC Solid State Relays
ii. AC Solid State Relays

7. Resonant Converters :
i. Zero-current Switching Resonant Converters :
a. L-type ZCS Resonant Converters
b. M-type ZCS Resonant Converter

ii. Zero-voltage-switching Resonant Converters
iii. Comparison between ZCS and ZVS Converters

XI. ELECTRIC DRIVES :
1. Concept of Electric Drive
2. DC Drives :
i. Basic Performance Equations of dc Motors

3. Single-phase dc Drives :
i. Single-phase Half-wave Converter Drives
ii. Single-phase Semiconverter Drives
iii. Single-phase Full Converter Drives
iv. Single-phase Dual Converter Drives

4. Three-phase dc Drives :
i. Three-phase Half-wave Converter Drives
ii. Three-phase Semiconverter Drives
iii. Three-phase Full-converter Drives
iv. Three-phase Dual Converter Drives

5. Chopper Drives :
i. Power Control or Motoring Control
ii. Regenerative-braking Control
iii. Two-quadrant Chopper Drives
iv. Four-quadrant Chopper Drives

6. A. C. Drives
7. Induction-Motor Drives
8. Speed Control of Three-phase Induction Motors :
i. Stator Voltage Control
ii. Stator Frequency Control
iii. Stator Voltage and Frequency Control
iv. Stator Current Control
v. Static Rotor-resistance Control
vi. Slip-power Recovery Schemes :
a. Static Kramer Drive
b. Static Scherbius Drive

9. Synchronous Motor Drives :
i. Cylindrical Rotor Motors
ii. Salient-pole Motors
iii. Reluctance Motors
iv. Permanent-Magnet Motors

10. Some Worked Examples

XIII. POWER Factor IMPROVEMENT :
1. Effect of Poor Power-factor
2. Methods of Reactive Power Compensation :
i. Capacitor Banks
ii. Synchronous Condensers
iii. Thyristor Controlled Reactors (TCRS)

3. Static VAr Compensator (SVC)
4. Some Worked Examples