Utilisation of Electrical Power Including Electrical Drives and Electric Traction in S.I. UNITS

This Book on Utilisation of Electrical Power Including Electrical Drives and Electric Traction has been written for students preparing for B.E./B.Tech and competitive examinations. It consists of nine chapters in all, covering the various Topics systematically and exhaustively. Chapters on Electrical drives and Electric Traction form the significant portion of the book.

Solar Energy Society of Indiatle="R-K">R.K. Rajput born on 15th September 1944 (coincident with Engineer Day) is a multi-disciplinary engineer. He obtained his Master degree in Mechanical Engineering (with Hons.-Gold Medal) from Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala. He is also Graduate Engineer in Electrical Engineering. Apart from this he holds memberships of various Professional bodies like Member Institution of Engineers (MIE); Member Indian Society of Technical Education (MISTE) and Member Solar Energy Society of India (MSESI). He is also a Chartered Engineer (India). He has served for several years as Principal of Punjab College of Information Technology, Patiala and Thapar Polytechnic, Patiala.

He has more than 35 years of experience in Teaching different subjects of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering disciplines. He has published/presented a Large number of technical papers. He is the author of several Books on the important subjects of Mechanical as well as Electrical Engineering disciplines.

He has earned, by dint of hard work and devotion to duty, the following awards/honours :
Best Teacher (Academic) Award; Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Gold Medal for an outstanding Research Paper (Institution of Engineers); Distinguished Author Award; Man of Achievement Award

I. ILLUMINATION :
1. Introduction
2. Definitions
3. Laws of Illumination or Luminance
4. Polar Curves
5. Photometry :
i. Photometer heads
ii. Photocells (for Photometry Measurements)
iii. Distribution Photometry
iv. Measurement of MSCP by Integrating Sphere
v. Measurement of Brightness or Luminance
vi. Measurement of Illumination

6. Artificial Sources of Lights
7. Incandescent Lamps
8. Arc Lamps
9. Discharge Lamps :
i. Sodium Vapour Lamp
ii. High Pressure Mercury Vapour Lamp
iii. Mercury Iodide Lamps
iv. Neon Lamp
v. Fluorescent Tube (Lamp)

10. Lighting Schemes :
i. Diffusing and Reflecting Surfaces
ii. Requirements of Good Lighting
iii. Types of Lighting Schemes
iv. Design of Lighting Scheme
v. Method of Lighting Calculations
vi. Calculation of Illumination

11. Street Lighting
12. Factory Lighting
13. Flood Lighting

Highlights
Objective Type Questions
Theoretical Questions
Unsolved Examples

II. ELECTRIC HEATING AND WELDING :
1. Electric Heating :
i. Introduction
ii. Advantages of Electric Heating
iii. Modes of Heat Transfer
iv. Methods of Electric Heating
v. Resistance Heating
vi. Arc Heating-Arc Furnaces
vii. Induction Heating
viii. Dielectric Heating
ix. Choice of Frequency
x. Infrared or Radiant Heating

2. Electric Welding :
i. Definition of Welding
ii. Welding Processes
iii. Resistance Electric Welding
iv. Electric Arc Welding
v. Submerged Arc Welding
vi. Tungsten Inert-Gas (TIG) Welding
vii. Metal Inert-Gas (MIG) Welding
viii. Electro-Slag and Electro-Gas Welding
ix. Electron-Beam welding
x. Ultrasonic Welding
xi. Plasma Arc Welding
xii. Laser Beam Welding
xiii. Electrodes-General Aspects
xiv. Welding of Various Metals
xv. Rebuilding
xvi. Hard Facing
xvii. Defective Welds
xviii. Under-Water Welding
xix. Defects in Welding
xx. Testing of Welded Joints

Highlights
Objective Type Questions
Theoretical Questions
Unsolved Examples

III. ELECTROLYTIC PROCESSES :
1. Introduction
2. Electrolysis-the Basic Principle
3. Faraday's Laws of Electrolysis
4. Terms Connected with Electrolytic Processes
5. Applications of Electrolysis :
i. Electro-Deposition
ii. Manufacture of Chemicals
iii. Anodizing
iv. Electro-Polishing
v. Electro-Cleaning or Pickling
vi Electro-Parting or Electro-Stripping
vii. Electro-Metallurgy

6. Power Supply for Electrolytic Processes

Highlights
Objective Type Questions
Theoretical Questions
Unsolved Examples

IV. REFRIGERATION AND AIR-CONDITIONING :
Refrigeration :
1. Introduction to "Refrigeration"
2. Applications of Refrigeration
3. Elements of Refrigeration Systems
4. Refrigeration Systems
5. Co-Efficient of Performance (C.O.P)
6. Standard Rating of a Refrigeration Machine
7. Air-Refrigeration System :
i. Introduction
ii. Air-Refrigeration System Working on Reversed Brayton Cycle

8. Simple Vapour Compression Refngeration System :
i. Introduction
ii. Simple Vapour Compression System
iii. Functions of Parts of a Simple Vapour Compression System

9. Domestic Refrigerator :
i. Construction and Working
ii. Electrical Circuit of a Refrigerator
iii. Maintenance of Domestic Refrigerator
iv. Troubleshooting of Refrigerator

10. Water Coolers
11. Refrigerants :
i. Introduction
ii. Classification of Refrigerants
iii. Desirable Properties of an Ideal Refrigerant

12. Refrigeration Components and Controls

AIR-CONDITIONING :
13. Concept of Psychrometry and Psychrometrics
14. Human Comfort :
i. Thermodynamics of Human Body
ii. Factors Affecting Comfort
iii. Effective Temperature

15. Air-Conditioning Systems :
i. Introduction
ii. Air-Conditioning Cycle
iii. Classification of Air-Conditioning Systems
iv. Central System
v. Unitary Systems

16. Load Estimation :
i. Introduction
ii. Cooling-Load Estimate
iii. Heating-Load Estimate
iv. Solar Radiation
v. Solar Heat Gain Through Glass
vi. Internal Heat Gains

17. Air-Conditioning of Theatres
18. Manufacture of Ice

Highlights
Objective Type Questions
Theoretical Questions

V. ELECTRICAL DRIVES :
1. Introduction
2. Advantages and Disadvantages of Electrical Drives
3. Types of Motors Used for Electrical Drive
4. Selection of Electrical Drives
5. Status of D.C. and A.C. Drives
6. Classification of Electrical Drives
7. Types of Loads/Load Torques
8. D.C. Motor Drives :
i. General Aspects
ii. Advantages and Disadvantages of D.C. Motors
iii. D.C. Motors and their Performance
iv. Shunt and Separately Excited Motors
v. Series Motors
vi. Compound Motor
vii. Universal Motor
viii. Permanent Magnet D.C. Motors
ix. D.C. Servo-Motors
x. Moving Coil Motors
xi. Torque Motors

9. Starting of D.C. Motors :
i. Need for Starters
ii. Starters for Shunt and Compound Motors
iii. Automatic Starters

10. Reversing of D.C. Motors
11. Electric Braking of D.C. Motors :
i. Electro-Mechanical Brakes
ii. Electric Brakes

12. Speed Control of D.C. Motors :
i. Factors Controlling the Speed
ii. Field Control Method
iii. Rheostatic Control
iv. Voltage Control
v. Thyristor Control of D.C. Motors
vi. Electronic Control of D.C. Motors

13. A.C. Motors :
i. Three-Phase Induction Motors
ii. Synchronous Motor
iii. Electronic Control of A.C. Motors

14. Transient Conditions in Electrical Drives :
i. Introduction
ii. Acceleration Time
iii. Energy Losses During Starting
iv. Energy Losses During Braking
v. Braking of Motors During Lowering of Loads
vi. Dynamics of Braking

15. Heating and Cooling of Electrical Machines :
i. Heating and Cooling Curves
ii. Insulating Materials

16. Size and Rating of Motors :
i. Standard Rating of Motors
ii. Classes of Duty
iii. Ambient Temperature and Ratings
iv. Overload Capacity of Motors
v. Determination of Power Rating of Electric Motors for Different Applications
vi. Temperature Rise with Short Time Ratings
vii. Load Equalisation

17. Enclosures for Rotating Electrical Machines
18. Bearings
19. Transmission of Drive
20. Choice of Drive
21. Noise
22. Selection of Electric Motor for any Application
23. Motors for Particular Applications
24. Energy Conservation in Electrical Drives

Highlights
Objective Type Questions
Theoretical Questions
Unsolved Examples

VI. ELECTRIC TRACTION :
1. Introduction
2. Traction Systems
3. Requirements of an Ideal Traction System
4. Different Systems of Traction
5. Systems of Railway Electrification
6. Comparison Between Pure A.C. and D.C. Systems
7. Comparison Between D.C. and A.C. Systems of Railway Electrification from the Point of View of Main Line and Suburban Line Railway Service
8. Electric Traction Systems-Power Supply :
i. Transmission Lines to Sub-Stations
ii. Sub-Stations
iii. Feeding and Distribution System on A.C. Traction
iv. Feeding and Distribution System for D.C. Tramways
v. Electrolysis by Currents Through Earth
vi. Negative Boosters
vii. Problems Associated with Single-Phase Traction System

9. A.C. Locomotive
10. Tramways
11. Trolley-Bus
12. Diesel Electric Traction
13. Overhead Equipment :
i. Collector Gear for Overhead Equipment
ii. The Conductor-Rail Equipment/System

14. Power Factor and Harmonics

Highlights
Objective Type Questions
Theoretical Questions

VII. TRAIN MOVEMENT AND ENERGY Consumption :
1. Types of Railway Services
2. Speed-Time Curves for Train Movement
3. Crest Speed, Average Speed and Schedule Speed
4. Simplified Speed-Time Curves
5. Mechanism of Train Movement :
i. Adhesive Weight and Coefficient of Adhesion
ii. Driving Axle Code for Locomotives
iii. Nature of Traction Load

6. Tractive Effort for Propulsion of Train
7. Power Output from the Driving Axles
8. Energy Output from Driving Axles :
i. Specific Energy Output
ii. Energy Consumption

Highlights
Objective Type Questions
Theoretical Questions
Unsolved Examples

VIII. TRACTION DRIVES :
1. Significant Features of Traction Drives
2. Desirable Properties of Traction Motors
3. Traction Motors
4. IV .D.C. Series Motors :
i. Characteristics of D.C. Motors
ii. Torque Developed by a D.C. Motors
iii. Suitability of Series Motor for Traction Duty
iv. Series Motors-Parallel Operation with Unequal Wheel Diameters
v. Series Motors-Series Operation with Unequal Diameters
vi. Shunt Motors-Parallel Operation with Unequal Wheel Diameters
vii. Shunt Motors-Series Operation with Unequal Wheel Diameters
viii. Parallel Operation, Equal Wheel Diameters, But Dissimilar Speed-Current Curves
ix. Tractive Effort and Horse Power
x. Effect of Sudden Change in Supply Voltage
xi. Temporary Interruption of Supply

5. A.C. Series Motor
6. Three-Phase Induction Motors
7. Linear Induction Motor
8. Conventional D.C. and A.C. Drives Used in India
9. Traction Motor Control :
i. Control of D.C. Motors
ii. Control of Single-Phase Series Motors
iii. Control of Three-Phase Motors

10. Braking :
i. Introduction
ii. Advantages and Disadvantages of Electrical Braking Over
Mechanical Braking
iii. Requirements of a Braking System
iv. Types of Braking
v. Electric Braking
vi. Energy Saving in Regenerative Braking
vii. Mechanical Braking

11. Mechanical Considerations, Control and Auxiliary Equipment
i. Mechanical Considerations
ii. Control and Auxiliary Equipment

Highlights
Objective Type Questions
Theoretical Questions
Unsolved Examples

IX. Economics OF POWER GENERATION, ELECTRIC POWER SUPPLY AND UTILISATION :
1. Introduction
2. Terms and Definitions
3. Base Load and Peak Load
4. Principle of Power Plant Design
5. Location of Power Plant
6. Layout of Power Plant Building
7. Cost Analysis
8. Selection of Type of Generation
9. Selection of Power Plant Equipment :
i. Selection of Boilers
ii. Selection of Prime-Movers
iii. Selection of Size and Number of Generating Units

10. Economics in Plant Selection
11. Factors Affecting Economics of Generation and Distribution of Power
12. How to Reduce Power Generation Cost ?
13. Power Plant-Useful Life
14. Economics of Hydro-Electric Power Plants
15. Economics of Combined Hydro and Steam Power Plants
16. Performance and Operating Characteristics of Power Plants
17. Economic Load Sharing
18. Tariff for Electrical Energy :
i. Introduction
ii. Objectives and Requirements of Tariff
iii. General Tariff form
iv. Spot Pricing
v. Comparison Between Private Generating Plant and Public Supply

19. Power Factor Improvement :
i. Apparent, Active (True or Real) and Reactive Power and Power Factor
ii. Average Power Factors of Some Common Appliances
iii. Causes of Low Power Factor
iv. Effects and Disadvantages of Low Power Factor
v. Advantages of Power Factor Improvement
vi. Methods of Power Factor Improvement
vii. Location of Power Factor Correction Equipment
viii. Economics of Power Factor Equipment

Highlights
Objective Type Questions
Theoretical Questions
Unsolved Examples