Basic Concepts of Electrical Engineering

This book presents a practical-oriented, sound, modularized coverage of fundamental Topics of Basic Electrical Engineering, Network Analysis & Network Theorems, Electromagnetism & Magnetic Circuit, Alternating Current & Voltages, Electrical Measurement & Measuring Instrument and Electric Machines.

Kuldeep Sahay, M.Tech., Assistant Professor & Head, Department of Electrical Engineering; Institute of Engineering & Technology, Lucknow. He has also been the Deputy Dean of the Institute. His area of interest includes Power System Operation and Control, Load Flow Analysis, Fuzzy Logic and Genetic Algorithms in Electric Power Distribution System & Automation of Distribution System. He has published number of papers in national and international conferences.

Shivendra Pathak, M.Tech., Guest Faculty of Electrical Engineering Department, Institute of Engineering & Technology, Lucknow. His area of interest includes Modern Control System, Electrical Measurement and Measuring Instrument, Application of Artificial Intelligence and Neural Networks.

Preface

Unit I :
1. Introduction :
i. Electric Charge and Electric Current
ii. Direction of Current
iii. Coulomb's Law
iv. Concept of Potential and Potential Difference
v. Electromotive Force of a Source
vi. Voltage Drop
vii. Reference Polarity
viii. The Basic Circuit
ix. Ohm's Law
x. Kirchhoffs Laws
xi. Power
xii. Energy
xiii. Ampere's Law
xiv. Resistance Parameter
xv. Inductance Parameter
xvi. Capacitance Parameter
xvii. Electrical Parameters
xviii. Active Elements
xix. Voltage Source
xx. Current Source
xxi. Source Conversion
xxii. Passive Elements

2. Basic Concepts of Network Analysis and Theorems for DC Circuits :
i. Network Analysis
ii. Direct Method
iii. Network Reduction Method
iv. Kirchhoffs Laws
v. Kirchhoffs Current Law (KCL)
vi. Kirchhoffs Voltage Law (KVL)
vii. Cramer's Rule
viii. Analysis of Network by Kirchhoffs Law
ix. Mesh Analysis
x. Star/Delta Transformation
xi. Superposition Theorem
xii. Thevenin's Theorem
xiii. Norton's Theorem
xiv. Maximum Power Transfer Theorem
xv. Millman's Theorem
xvi. Compensation Theorem
xvii. Tellegen's Theorem
xviii. Voltage Divider Rule
xix. Current Divider Rule

Unit II :
3. Electromagnetism :
Introduction
i. Magnetic Field
ii. Magnetic Flux
iii. Magnetic Flux Density
iv. Direction of Current in a Conductor
v. Magnetic Field Due to a Current Carrying Conductor
vi. Direction of Magnetic Field/Flux
vii. Representing of Uniform Magnetic Field
viii. Flux Distribution of a Single Turn Coil
ix. Permeability
x. Relation between Magnetic Flux Density and Field Intensity
xi. Force on a Conductor in a Magnetic Field
xii. Fleming's Left Hand (or Motor) Rule
xiii. Electromagnetic Induction
xiv. Faraday's Laws of Electromagnetic Induction
xv. Lenz's Law
xvi. Fleming's Right Hand Rule
xvii Magnitude of Induced E.M.F. in a Coil
xviii. Dynamically Induced E.M.F.
xix. Statically Induced E.M.F.
xx. Coefficient of Coupling
xxi. Inductances of Inductively Coupled Coils Connected in Series

4. Magnetic Circuits :
Introduction
i. Magneto-motive Force (M.M.F.)
ii. Magnetic Field Strength or Intensity
iii. Reluctance (S)
iv. Laws of Magnetic Circuits
v. Ampere Turns for a Magnetic Circuit
vi. Calculations of Ampere Turns
vii. Leakage Flux
viii. Fringing
ix. Calculation of Ampere Turns for the Air Gap
x. Comparison of the Electric and Magnetic Circuit
xi. Calculation of Ampere Turns of Series-parallel Magnetic Circuit
xii. Magnetic Curve or B-H Curve
xiii. Explanation of the Shape of B-H Curve
xiv. Hysteresis
xv. Core Losses or Iron Losses
xvi. Hysteresis Loss
xvii. Eddy Current Loss
xviii. Applicaton of Eddy Current
xix. Stacking Factor

Unit III :
5. Basic Concepts of Alternating Current and Voltage :
Introduction
i. Generation of Alternating Voltage
ii. Cycle
iii. Frequency
iv. Angular Frequency
v. Instantaneous Value
vi. Peak or Maximum Value
vii. Peak or Mean Value
viii. Determination of Average or Mean Value
ix. Determination or R.M.S. Value by Mid-ordinate Method
x. Determination or R.M.S. Value by Method of Integration
xi. R.M.S. Value of Sine Wave
xii. Form Factor
xiii. Peak Factor
xiv. Phase and Phase Difference
xv. Phasor Diagram of Alternating Quantity
xvi. Addition and Subtraction of Phasors

6. Single Phase AC Series Circuits :
Introduction
i. Resistive Circuit Only
ii. Power in Resistive Circuit
iii. A.C. Circuits Containing Inductance Only
iv. Power in Purely Inductance Circuit
v. A.C. Circuit Containing Capacitance Only
vi. Power in Purely Capacitance Circuit
vii. Series Resistive and Inductive Circuit
viii. Power in Series R-L Circuit
ix. Apparent Power or Volt Amperes
x. Reactive Power
xi. Circuit Containing Resistor and Capacitor
xii. Circuit Containing Resistance, Inductance and Capacitance in Series

7. Single Phase AC Parallel Circuit :
Introduction
i. Methods to Solve Parallel Circuits
ii. Analytical Method
iii. Admittance Method
iv. Admittance of a Series Circuit
v. Admittance of a Parallel Circuit

8. Electric Resonance :
Introduction
i. Effect of Frequency Variation in R, L and C Series Circuit
ii. Voltage Magnification
iii. Bandwidth of Series Resonant Circuit
iv. Resonance in Parallel Circuits
v. Current Magnification

9. Polyphase Circuits :
Introduction
i. Generation of a Three-phase Supply
ii. Connection of Three-phase Supplies
iii. Star (y) Connection
iv. Delta (∆) Connection
v. Line and Phase Voltage and Current in Star Connection
vi. Neutral Current
vii. Line and Phase Voltage and Current in Delta Connection
viii. Phase and Line Currents in Delta Connection
ix. Volt-amperes, Power and Reactive Volt-ampere in Three Phase System
x. Active Power
xi. Reactive Power
xii. Measurement of Power

Unit IV :
10. Electrical Measurements and Measuring Instruments :
Introduction
i. Classification of Measuring Instruments
ii. Absolute Instrument
iii. Secondary Instrument
iv. Analog Mode
v. Digital Mode
vi. Classification of Instruments
vii. Torque in Instruments
viii. Merits and Demerits of Moving Iron Instruments
ix. Moving Coil Instruments
x. Permanent-magnet Type Moving Coil Instruments
xi. Deflecting Torque
xii. Extension of Range of PMMC Instruments
xiii. Dynometer Type Instruments
xiv. Deflecting Torque
xv. Shunts
xvi. Instrument Constant
xvii. Shunts for A.C. Instruments
xviii. Measurement of Electric Voltage, Current, Power and Energy

Unit V :
11. Transformer :
Introduction
i. Ideal Transformer
ii. Real Transformer and its Equivalent Circuit
iii. Equivalent Circuit
iv. Approximate Equivalent Circuit
v. Phasor Diagram
vi. Name Plate Rating
vii. Transformers Losses
viii. Transformer Testing
ix. Transformer Efficiency
x. Voltage Regulation

12. Three Phase Induction Machine :
Introduction
i. Construction of Induction Machine
ii. Difference between Cage Rotor and Slip-ring Induction Motor
iii. Working Principle of a Three-phase Induction Motor
iv. Production of Rotating Field
v. EMF and Current in Induction Motor
vi. Frequency of Rotor Voltage and Current
vii. Equivalent Circuit of Induction Motor
viii. Rotor Circuit Diagram
ix. Stator Circuit Diagram
x. Determination of Equivalent Circuit Parameters
xi. Phasor Diagram of Induction Motor
xii. Three Phase Motor Characteristics
xiii. Starting of Three Phase Induction Motor
xiv. Auto Transformer Starting
xv. Speed Control of Three Phase Induction Motor

13. Single Phase Induction Motor :
Introduction
i. Single Phase Induction Motor
ii. Construction of Single Phase Induction Motor
iii. Working Principle of Single Phase Induction Motor
iv. Double Revolving Field Theory of Single Phase Induction Motor
v. Starting of Single Phase Induction Motor

Unit VI :
14. Direct Current Machine (Generators) :
Introduction
i. Construction of DC Machine
ii. Field System
iii. Armature
iv. Lap Winding
v. Wave Winding
vi. Commutator
vii. Brushes
viii. Basic Magnetic Circuit of DC Generator
ix. Excitation of DC Machine
x. Separately-excited DC Machine
xi. Self-excited Machine
xii. Relationship between the Generated Voltage and Excitation Current of D.C. Generators
xiii. Application of Load
xiv. E.M.F. Equation of D.C. Machine
xv. Armature Reaction
xvi. Commutation Process
xvii. Method for Decreasing the Effect of Commutation

15. D.C. Machine (Motor) :
Introduction
i. Counter E.M.f. or Back E.M.F. in D.C. Motors
ii. Speed of D.C. Machine
iii. Torque Production in D.C. Machine
iv. Classification of D.C. Motors
v. Starting of D.C. Motor
vi. Generating Mode
vii. Speed Control of D.C. Motor
viii. Characteristics of D.C. Motors
ix. Speed Armature Current Characteristics
x. Speed-torque Characteristics (Shunt Motor)
xi. D.C. Series Motor
xii. D.C. Compound Motor
xiii. Losses in D.C. Machine
xiv. Efficiency of D.C. Machine

Unit VII :
16. Synchronous Machines :
i. Construction
ii. Principle of Operation of Alternators
iii. EMF Equation
iv. Alternator on Load
v. Voltage Drop Due to Armature Resistance
vi. Armature Leakage Reactance
vii. Armature Reaction
viii. Synchronous Reactance
ix. Synchronous Impedance
x. Equivalent Circuit Model and its Phaser Diagram
xi. Lagging Power Factor
x. Unity Power Factor
xi. Leading Power Factor
xii. Open Circuit Characteristic (OCC) Test
xiii. Short Circuit Characteristic (SCC)Test
xiv. Voltage Regulation
xv. Importance of Voltage Regulation is as Follows
xvi. Power Delivered by Alternator
xvii. Synchronous Motors Working Principle
xviii. Power Developed by Synchronous Motor

Experiments :
1. Network Theorem
2. Power Measurement
3. Load Test of Transformer
4. O.O./S.C. Test of Transformer
5. D.C. Generator
6. D.C. Shunt Motor
7. 3-Phase Induction Motor
8. Calibration of Energy Meter