About The Book
The book entitled 'Engineering Chemistry" is primarily meant for students studying in B.E. 1st year. The book has been divided mainly into five Parts "General and Physical chemistry, Inorganic chemistry, Organic chemistry, Applied Chemistry and Environmental chemistry". The book is written keeping in mind the requirements of Engineering students, i.e. every aspect of a topic is dealt keeping its concern in engineering science. The salient features of the book are :
- Comprehensive coverage of Topics in simple and lucid manner.
- Discussion of only important and relevant topics to Help the students get rid of exhaustive and uncalled for details/topics.
- Text is supported by inclusion of important tables, neat and self explanatory diagrams and illustrations.
- Each chapter contain a lot of solved numerical problems for clear understanding of the subject.
- Compilation of different types of questions (objective type, small answer type, reasoning type and long questions) asked in different universities.
About the Author
Dr. O.P. Agarwal, a well known name in Chemistry as author, is reader in the post-graduate department of chemistry at M.M. College, Modinagar. He did his post-graduation in chemistry from Agra University in 1967 and Ph.D. from Meerut University in 1975. He has been Teaching chemistry at under-graduate and post-graduate levels since 1967. He has a long experience in book-writing which is reflected by his well-known bibles like Chemistry of Organic Natural Products Vol. I and II, Reactions and Reagents in Organic Chemistry, etc. (for B.Sc. Hons and post-graduate students), in Chemistry, Objective Chemistry, etc. (for Engineering and Medical entrance examinations). His Books are favourite among students and liked by the Teachers too.
Avinesh Agarwal, a co-author of the book is a young, dynamic engineer from Institute of Technology affiliated with G.B. Pant University Pant Nagar (U.R). In addition to this book, he is also a co-author of the well known book Iit Chemistry. He has high Interest in the field of Education and has decided to adopt education as Career for which he has launched, a Novel programme on education meant for students appearing for Engineering and Medical Entrance examinations with his younger brother, Deepak Agarwal, a chemical engineer from IT, BHU, Varanasi, under the name of AIETS (All India Education Testing Services) at New Delhi.
Contents
Part A : GENERAL AND Physical Chemistry :
I. Atomic Structure :
1. Electronic Structure of Atom :
i. Drawbacks of Rutherford Model
ii. Electromagnetic Radiations
2. Electromagnetic Spectrum
3. Study of Solar and Atomic Spectra :
i. Atomic Spectrum of Hydrogen
4. Bohr's Model of the Atom :
i. Successes of Bohr's Model
ii. Limitations of Bohr's Theory
5. Dual Nature of Matter and Radiations
6. The de-Broglie's Equation (Wave Particle Duality)
7. Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
8. Quantum Numbers :
i. Relationship Between Various Quantum Numbers
9. Shapes of Atomic Orbitals :
i. Pauli's Exclusion Principle
10. Energy Level Diagrams
11. Electronic Configuration of Atoms :
i. Rules for Determining the Group Number of Element by its Electronic Configuration
ii. Electronic Configuration of Cations and anions
II. Theory of Chemical Bonding :
1. Introduction
2. Types of Bonds
3. Ionic or Electrovalent Bonds
4. Covalent Bond
5. Molecular Orbital Theory
6. Shapes of Molecular Orbitals
7. Geometry (Shape) of Covalent Molecules
8. Comparison Between V.b. and M.o. Theories
9. Polarity of Covalent Bonds
10. Dipole Moment-A Measure of Degree of Polarity
11. Polarising Power and Polarisability (Fajan's Rule)
12. Coordinate or Dative Bond :
i. Coordinate Bond in terms of Orbital Concept
13. Hydrogen Bonding :
i. Types of Hydrogen Bond
14. Bonding in Solid State
15. Concept of Resonance
III. Periodic Table and Periodic Properties :
1. Introduction
2. Modern Periodic Law
3. Classification of Elements into S-,P-D-and F-block Elements
4. Periodic Properties of Elements :
i. Valency and Oxidation State
ii. Atomic and Ionic Radii
iii. onisation Energy (or ionization potential)
iv. Electron Affinity
5. Periodicity in Properties of Halides, Hydroxides, Sulphates and Carbonates of Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals
IV. The Solid State :
1. Introduction
2. Laws of Crystallography
3. Crystal Systems
4. The Space Lattice and Unit Cell
5. Lattice Point
6. Analysis of a Cubic System
7. Crystal Structure of Solids or Metals
8. Theories of Bonding in Metals (Metallic Bonding)
9. Bonding in Solids (Crystals)
10. Structures of Ionic Compounds
11. Structure of Silicates
12. Defects in Crystals
13. Properties of Solids (Crystals)
14. Amorphous Solids
V. Chemical Equilibrium :
1. Introduction
2. Equilibrium Involving Physical Changes :
i. Solid-liquid Equilibrium
ii. Liquid-gas Equilibrium
iii. Solid-solution Equilibrium
iv. Gas-solution Equilibrium
v. General Characteristics of Physical Equilibrium
3. Equilibrium Involving Chemical Systems :
i. Law of Mass Action
ii. Mathematical Expression of Law of Mass Action
iii. Law of Chemical Equilibrium
iv. Relationship between Kp and Ke
v. Types of Chemical Equilibrium
vi. Writing expressions for equilibrium constant (K)
vii. Calculation of Equilibrium Constant and Concentrations
viii. Calculation of Degree of Dissociation from Density Measurement
ix. LeChatelier's Principle
VI. Ionic Equilibrium :
1. Ionic Equilibrium :
i. Ionization of Weak Electrolytes
ii. Acid-base Equilibrium
2. Relative Strengths of Conjugate Acids and Bases
3. PH Value :
i. Acid Base Indicators
4. Solubility Product :
i. Common Ion Effect
5. Buffer Solution
6. Salt Hydrolysis
VII. Chemical Kinetics :
1. Definition of Chemical Kinetics
2. Reaction Rate and its Measurement
3. Factors Influencing the Reaction Rate
4. Rate Law and Rate Constant
5. Order of a Reaction
6. Molecularity of a Reaction
7. Methods of Determining Order of a Reaction
8. Effect of Temperature on Reaction Rates
9. Theories of Reaction Rates
VIII. Chemical Thermodynamics :
1. Definition
2. Thermodynamic Terms and Concepts
3. First Law of Thermodynamics
4. Second Law of Thermodynamics
5. Standard Free Energy Change (∆ G°)
6. Standard Free Energy Change (∆ G°) And Equilibrium Constant (k)
7. Gibbs Free Energy and Useful Work
8. Third Law of Thermodynamics
IX. The Phase Rule :
1. Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Systems
2. The Phase Rule :
i. Phases
ii. Components
iii. Degree of Freedom or Variance
3. One Component System :
i. The Water System
ii. Sulphur System
4. Two Component Systems
5. Phpse Diagram of Lead-silver System
X. Redox Reactions :
1. Redox Reactions :
i. Classical Concept of Oxidation and Reduction
ii. Electronic Concept of Oxidation and Reduction
iii. Redox (Reduction and Oxidation) Reactions as an Electron Transfer Process
2. Classification of Redox Reactions :
i. Direct Redox Reactions
ii. Indirect Redox Reactions
3. Electrical Conductors
4. Electrodes
5. Electrochemical Cells
6. Galvanic Cells [Electrochemical Cell]
7. Electrode Potential (Half Cell Potential)
8. Measurement of Standard Electrode Potential
9. Electrochemical Series
0. Emf of a Cell
11. Dependence of EMF on Concentration and Temperature (The Nernst Equation)
12. Corrosion
13. Some Commercial Cells (Batteries)
14. Oxidation Number :
i. Redox Reactions in Terms of Oxidation Number
ii. Oxidising and Reducing Agents in Terms of Oxidation Numbe
iii. Oxidation Number and Nomenclature
XI. Colloids :
1. The Colloidal State :
i. Classification of Colloids
ii. Preparation of Sols
iii. Purification of Colloids
iv. Properties of Colloidal Solutions
2. Origin of Charge on Colloidal Particles
3. Precipitation or Coagulation of Colloidal Solution :
i. Coagulation by Addition of Electrolytes
4. Protective Colloids and Gold Number
5. Emulsions
6. Cleansing Action of Soaps and Detergents
7. Gels
XII. Nuclear Chemistry :
1. Nucleus
2. Nuclear Forces
3. Nuclear Stability
4. Nuclear Reactions
5. Radioactivity
6. Radioactive Rays (Radioactive Emanations)
7. Disintegration Theory of Radioactivity
8. Laws of Radioactive Disintegration
9. Half-life Period (T1/2)
10. Average Life Period (t)
11. Activity of Population
12. Units of Radioactivity
13. Nuclear Transformation or Nuclear Transmutation
14. Nuclear Fission
15. Comparison of Chemical Fuels and Nuclear Fuels
16. Applications of Nuclear Fission
17. Nuclear Fusion
18. Isotopes, Isobars and Isotones
19. Applications of Radioactivity and Radioisotopes
Part B : INORGANIC CHEMISTRY :
XIII. s-Block Elements :
1. Group 1 Elements-The Alkali Metals :
i. General Properties of Group 1 Elements
ii. Compounds of Group 1 Elements
iii. Anomalous Behaviour of Lithium
2. Group 2 Elements-The Alkaline Earth Metals :
i. General Properties of Alkaline Earth Metals
ii. Compounds of Alkaline Earth Metals
iii. Solubility of Compounds of Alkaline Earth Metals
iv. Anomalous Behaviour of Beryllium
v. Uses of Alkaline Earth Metals
XIV. p-Block Elements :
1. Group 13 Elements-The Boron Family :
i. General Properties of Group 13 Elements
ii. Compounds of Group 13 Elements
iii. Comparison of Boron with Other Elements of Group
iv. Comparison of Boron and Aluminium
v. Diagonal Relationship between Boron and Silicon
2. Group 14 Elements-The Carbon Family :
i. General Properties of Group 14 Elements
ii. Compounds of Group 14 Elements
iii. Silicates
iv. Silicones
v. Comparison of Carbon and Silicon
3. Elements of Group 15-The Nitrogen Family :
i. General Characteristics of Group 15 Elements
ii. Compounds of Group 15 Elements
iii. Anomalous Behaviour of Nitrogen
4. Elements of Group 16-The Oxygen Family :
i. General Characteristics of Group 16 Elements
ii. Compounds of Group 16 Elements
iii. Anomalous Behaviour of Oxygen
5. Elements of Group 17-The Halogen Family :
i. General Characteristics of Group 17 Elements
ii. Compounds of Halogens
iii. Anomalous Behaviour of Fluorine
6. Noble Gases
XV. Transition Elements (Elements of Groups 3 to 12) :
1. Transition Elements (d-and f-block Elements)
2. d-block Elements
3. General Characteristics of d-block Elements
4. f-block Elements (Inner Transition Elements) :
i. 4f-block Series, First Inner Transition Series, Lanthanides or Lanthanones
ii. 5f-block Series, Second Inner Transition Series, Actinides or Actinones
iii. Comparison of Lanthanides and Actinides
5. Comparison of d-block Elements With f-Block Elements
XVI. Coordination Compounds :
1. Double Salts and Coordination Compounds
2. Definition of the Terms Used in Coordinate Compounds
3. Werner's Theory of Coordination Compounds
4. Electronic Interpretation of Complex or Coordinate compounds or Sidwick Theory of Coordination
5. Valency Bond (vb) Theory
6. Crystal Field Theory
7. Nomenclature of Coordination Compounds
8. Isomerism in Coordination Compounds
9. Stability (stability Constants) of Complex Ions
10. Factors Affecting the Stability of Complexes
11. Applications of Complex Formation
Part C : Organic CHEMISTRY :
XVII. General Organic Chemistry :
1. Hybridisation (formation of Organic Molecules)
2. Intermolecular Forces and Physical Properties
3. Electronic Displacements in Organic Molecules
4. Mechanism of Organic Reactions :
i. Breaking of a Covalent Bond
ii. Bond Formation
5. Difference Between Ionic and Free Radical Reactions
6. Reaction Intermediates
7. Classification of Reagents
8. Types of Organic Reactions
9. Mechanism of Substitution Reactions :
i. Free-radical Mechanism (Free Radical Substitution Reactions)
ii. Electrophilic Substitution Reactions
iii. Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions
10. Mechanism of Addition Reactions :
i. Electrophilic Addition Reactions
ii. Nucleophilic Addition Reactions
iii. Free Radical Addition Reactions
11. Mechanism of Elimination Reactions
12. Steric Effect
XVIII. Stereoisomerism :
1. Stereoisomerism or Space Isomerism
XIX. Aromatic Character :
1. Aromatic Hydrocarbons or Arenes :
i. Sources of Aromatic Compounds
ii. Structure of Benzene
iii. Concept of Aromatic Character (Aromaticity)
2. Aromatic Substitution (Substitution in the Benzene Nucleus) :
i. Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution
ii. Evidence in Support of Electrophilic Character of Substitution
iii. Evidence in Favour of Two Step Mechanism
iv. Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution Reactions Versus Electrophilic Addition Reactions of Alkenes
3. Substitution in the Monosubstituted Benzenes
4. Role of Inductive and Hyperconjugative Effects in Aromatic Substitution of the Substituted Benzenes
5. Reactions of Arenes
6. Competitive Orienting Effect of the Two Substituents
Part D : APPLIED CHEMISTRY :
XX. Metals and Metallurgy :
1. Introduction
2. Occurrence of Metals
3. Metallurgy
XXI. Metallurgy of Some Metals :
1. Copper
2. Beryllium
3. Aluminium
4. Thorium
5. Uranium
6. Titanium
7. Chromium
8. Molybdenum
9. Nickel
10. Platinum
11. Iron
XXII. Corrosion of Metals :
1. Introduction
2. Dry or Chemical Corrosion
3. Underground (Soil) Corrosion
4. Galvanic Series
5. Corrosion Control (Protection Against Corrosion)
XXIII. Protective COATINGS :
XXIV. Fuels and Combustion :
1. Fuels
2. Classification of Fuels :
3. Characteristics of a Good Fuel
4. Calorific Value :
i. Determination of Calorific Value by Bomb Calorimeter
ii. Determination of Calorific Value by Boy's Gas Calorimeter
iii. Theoretical Calculations of Calorific Value by Dulong Formula
5. Solid Fuels :
i. Analysis of Coal
ii. Carbonisation of Coal (Manufacture of Coke)
iii. Metallurgical Fuel
iv. Indian Coals
6. Liquid Fuels :
i. Origin of Petroleum
ii. Occurrence
iii. Mining of Petroleum
iv. Refining of Petroleum
v. Increasing the Yield of Gasoline (Petrol)
vi. Synthetic Petrol
vii. Purification of Gasoline and Kerosene
viii. Petroleum Products Used as Fuels
ix. Advantages of Alcohol Blended Petrol
x. Disadvantages of Alcohol Blended Petrol
xi. Advantages and Disadvantages of Solid Fuels
xii. Advantages and Disadvantages of Liquid Fuels over Solid Fuels
7. Gaseous Fuels or Fuel Gases :
8. Combustion
9. Problems on the Determination of Composition of Gaseous Mixtures
10. Analysis of Flue Gases
XXV. Water Treatment :
1. Introduction
2. Sources of Water
3. Sources of Impurities in Water
4. Nature of Impurities in Water
5. Hard Water and its Type
6. Degree of Hardness
7. Units of Hardness and their Inter-relations
8. Analysis of Water (Determination of Different Constituents
9. Removal of Suspended Impurities
10. Removal of Bacterial and Micro-organisms (Sterilization of Water)
XXVI. Adhesives
XXVII. Glasses :
1. Glass
2. Manufacture of Glass
3. Types of Glasses
XXVIII. Lubricants :
1. Lubricants
2. Functions of Lubricants
3. Properties of Lubricants
XXIX. Refractories :
1. Definition and Characteristics
2. Classification of Refractories
3. General Characteristics of Refractories
4. Manufacture of Refractories
5. Acid Refractories
6. Basic Refractories
7. Neutral Refractories
XXX. Polymers and Polymerisation :
1. Introduction
2. Physical Properties of the Polymers
3. Mechanism of Polymerisation
4. Copolymers
5. Copolymerisation
6. Effect of Structure of Polymer on Properties
7. Classification
8. Rubber :
i. Natural Rubber (Caoutchouc or Hevea Rubber)
ii. Vulcanization and Compounding
iii. Reclaimed Rubber
iv. Synthetic Rubbers
v. Fibres
10. Plastic and Resins :
i. Characteristics of Plastics
ii. Moulding Constituents of Plastics
iii. Moulding of Plastics into Articles
iv. Thermoplastics
v. Thermosetting Resins
11. Miscellaneous Polymers
12. Polymers in Medicine
Part E : Environmental CHEMISTRY :
XXI. Environmental Chemistry