Power System Analysis and Design (For the Students of B.E., B.Tech., B.Sc. (Engg.), A.M.I.E. and other Engineering Examinations)

This revised, enlarged and updated Edition Is specifically designed to meet the needs of undergraduate students studying core or Advanced courses covering transmission, distribution, stability, load flow, surge phenomena, fault studies, Design of Transmission system, and other related aspects of power systems.

Two new chapters, viz, Voltage Stability' and 'Reliability of Transmission and Distribution Systems' have been added. The data of transmission system in India has been updated. Additional topics, solved examples and unsolved problems (with answers) have been Included In each chapter. A balance between Mathematical details and qualitative discussions has been maintained throughout to provide Indepth understanding of the problems and their solutions.

Uptodate coverage of the following Topics Includes :
1. Optical Fibre Conductors
2. Load Flow Computations in Large Systems
3. Current Chopping
4. Tyrite Surge Arresters
5. Arrester Rating and Location
6. Insulation Coordination
7. EHV Systems in India
8. Earth Electrode, Station Earth
9. High Phase Order (Multiphase Transmission)
10 Regulating Transformer
11. Metal Oxide Gapless Arresters
12. Environmental Aspects in EHV and UHV Lines Design
13. HVDC Systems in India
14. Voltage Stability
15. Reliability of Transmission and Distribution Systems

B.R. Gupta, Retd. Professor of Electrical Engineering, Punjab Engineering College, Chandigarh, Is at present Visiting Professor and Consulting Engineer at the same college. He has a long and distinguished Academic Career with more than 35 years' of Teaching experience. A prolific writer and the author of many books, Prof. Gupta has also Won several awards for his Research work. He Is a Senior Member of Ieee (USA) and Member of the Institution of Engineers (India).

I. POWER SYSTEM NETWORK :
1. Basic Structure of Power System
2. Overhead and Underground Systems
3. Overhead Line Conductors
4. Optical Fibre Conductors
5. Transmission Voltages
6. Bundled Conductors
7. Choice of Economic Voltage
8. Transmission System in USA
9. Transmission and Distribution Network in India
10. High Phase Order (Multiphase) Transmission
Summary
Self Test Questions
Job Interview Question
Review Questions

II. LINE PARAMETERS :
1. Introduction
2. Line Resistance
3. Inductance-Basic Concepts
4. Flux Linkages within the Conductor Producing the Flux
5. Flux Linkages outside the Conductor Producing the Flux
6. Inductance of a Single Phase Two Wire Line
7. Flux Linkages of One Conductor in an Array
8. Inductance of Composite Conductor Lines
9. Inductance of Three-Phase Line with Equilateral Spacing
11. Inductance of Bundled Conductor Lines
12. Inductance Lance of Double Circuit Three-Phase Line
13. Electric Field and Potential Difference
14. Capacitance of Two-Wire Line
15. Capacitance of Three-Phase Line with Equilateral Spacing
16. Capacitance of Three-Phase Line with Asymmetrical Spacing
17. Capacitance of Bundled Conductor Lines
18. Double Circuit Three-Phase Lines
19. Effect of Ground on Line Capacitance. Method of Images
Summary
Self Test Questions
Job Interview Questions
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Problems

III. PERFORMANCE OF LYANSMISSION LINES :
1. Representation of Lines
2. Per Unit Method
3. Advantages of Per Unit System
4. Per Unit Impedances of Transformers
5. Single Line Diagram
6. Impedance and Reactance Diagram
7. Short Transmission Line
8. Medium Length Transmission Line
9. Long Transmission Line
10. Evaluation of ABCD Parameters
11. Equivalent π and T Circuits?
12. Application of Matrix Methods
13. Ferranti Effect
14. Power in AC Circuits
15. Power Formulae for Transmission Lines
16. Line Voltage Regulation and Compensation
17. Regulating Transformer
18. Natural Load
19. Power Circle Diagrams
Summary
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Review Questions Problems

IV. OVERHEAD LINE INSULATORS :
1. Insulator Materials
2. Types of Insulators
3. Voltage Distribution over Insulator String
4. Improvement of String Efficiency
5. Insulator Failure
6. Testing of Insulators
Summary
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Problems

V. Mechanical Design OF OVERHEAD LINES :
1. General Considerations
2. Line Supports
3. Types of Steel Towers
4. Cross-Arms
5. Span, Conductor Configuration, Spacings and Clearances
6. Sag and Tension Calculations
7. Erection Conditions
8. Factors Affecting Sag
9. Sag Template
10. Catenary
11. Conductor Vibration
Summary
Questions
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VI. CORONA :
1. The Phenomenon of Corona
2. Disruptive Critical Voltage
3. Visual Critical Voltage
4. Corona Loss
5. Factors and Conditions Affecting Corona Loss
6. Radio Interference Due to Corona
7. Practical Considerations
8. Corona in Bundled Conductor Lines
Summary
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Problems

VII. INTERFERENCE BETWEEN POWER AND COMMUNICATION LINES :
1. Introduction
2. Electromagnetic Induction
3. Electrostatic Induction
4. Reduction of Interference
Summary
Self Test Questions Job
Interview Questions
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Problems

VIII. UNDERGROUND CABLES :
1. Introduction
2. Insulation
3. Sheath, Armour and Covering
4. Classification of Cables
5. Pressurized Cables
6. Effective Conductor Resistance
7. Conductor Inductive Reactance
8. Parameters of Single Core Cables
9. Grading of Cables
10. Capacitance of Three Core Belted Cable
11. Breakdown of Cables
12. Cable Installation
13. Current Rating of Cables
14. System Operating Problems with Underground Cables
15. HVDC Cables
Summary
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Problems

IX. LOAD FLOW STUDIES :
1. Introduction
2. Bus Admittance Matrix
3. Formation of bus Using Step by Step Method
4. Formation of Y and Z Using Singular Transformation
5. Inclusion of Mutually Coupled Branches in Y
6. Load Flow Equations and Methods of Solution
7. Approximate Load Flow Study
8. Gauss-Seidel Method-Solution of Algebraic Equations
9. Gauss-Seidel Method for Load Flow Studies
10. Newton-Raphson Method-Solution of Algebraic Equations
11. Newton-Raphson Method for Load Flow Studies
12. Fast Decoupled Load Flow
13. Load Flow Computations in Large Systems
Summary
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Problems

X. BALANCED AND UNBALANCED FAULTS NOILOUBONLNL :
1. Introduction
2. Thevenin's Equivalent Circuit
3. Symmetrical Fault
4. Consideration of Pre-Fault Load Current
5. Symmetrical Components
6. Physical Significance of Sequence Components
7. Three-Sequence Impedances and Sequence Networks
8. Sequence Networks of Synchronous Machines
9. Sequence Impedances of Transmission Lines
10. Sequence Impedances of Transformers
11. Formation of Sequence Networks
12. Unsymmetrical Faults
13. Single Line to Ground Fault
14. Comparison of Single Line to Ground and 3-Phase Fault Current
15. Line to Line Fault
16. Double Line to Ground Fault
17. Consideration of Pre-Fault Load Current in Unsymmetrical Fault Analysis
18. Open Conductor Faults
Summary
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XI. DIGITAL TECHNIQUES IN FAULT CALCULATIONS :
1. Introduction
2. Bus Impedance Matrix
3. Algorithm for Formulating [Zbus]
4. Sequence Matrices
5. Equations for Short Circuit Studies
6. Calculations of Line Currents
7. Consideration of Prefault Currents
8. Mutually Coupled Branches in Zbus
Summary
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Problems

XII. POWER SYSTEM TRANSIENTS :
1. Introduction
2. Circuit Closing Transient
3. Sudden Symmetrical Short Circuit of Alternator
4. Recovery Transient Due to Removal of Short Circuit
5. Travelling Waves on Transmission Lines
6. Wave Equations
7. Surge Impedance and Wave Velocity
8. Specifications of Travelling Waves
9. Reflection and Refraction of Waves
10. Typical Cases of Line Terminations
11. Equivalent Circuit for Travelling Wave Studies
12. Forked Line
13. Reactive Termination
14. Successive Reflections, Bewley Lattice Diagram
15. Attenuation and Distortion
16. Arcing Grounds
17. Capacitance Switching
18. Current Chopping
19. Lightning Phenomenon
20. Overvoltages Due to Lightning
21. Line Design Based on Direct Strokes
22. Protection of Systems against Surges
23. Surge Arresters
24. Thyme Surge Arrester
25. Metal Oxide Gapless Arrester
26. Arrester Rating and Location
27. Calculation of Arrester Voltage and Current
28. Effect of Short Length of Cable
29. Surge Capacitor. Surge Reactor and Surge Absorber
30. Insulation Coordination
31. Lighting Protection of Low Voltage Installations
Summary
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Interview Questions
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Problems

XIII. POWER SYSTEM Stability :
1. Introduction
2. Power Angle Curve, Transfer Reactance
3. Mechanics of Angular Motion
4. Steady State Stability
5. Transient Stability
6. Equal Area Criterion
7. Applications of Equal Area Criterion
8. Point by Point Solution of Swing Equation
9. Digital Solution of Swing Equation, Runge-Kutta Method
10. Liapunov's Direct Method
11. Techniques for Stability Improvement
Summary
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XIV. EXTRA HIGH VOLTAGE TRANSMISSION :
1. Introduction
2. Need for EHV Transmission
3. Use of Bundled Conductors
4. Conductor Surface Gradients
5. Corona Loss
6. Environmental Aspects in EHV and UHV Lines Design
7. Radio Noise from EHV Lines
8. Insulation Requirements of EHV Lines
9. Shunt Compensation-Static-var Systems
10. Series Compensation
11. Tuned Power Lines
Summary
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XV. HVDC TRANSMISSION :
1. Introduction
2. Types of DC Links
3. Advantages of DC Transmission
4. Incorporating HVDC into AC Systems
5. Converter Station Equipment
6. Ground Return
7. Earth Electrode, Station Earth
8. Reliability of HVDC : Systems
9. Recent Advances
10. HVDC Systems in India
Summary
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Review

XVI. DISTRIBUTION :
1. Comparison of Various Distribution Systems
2. AC 3-Phase 4-Wire Distribution
3. Types of Primary Distribution Systems
4. Types of Secondary Distribution Systems
5. Voltage Drop in DC Distributors
6. Voltage Drop in AC Distributors
7. Kelvin's Law
8. Limitations of Kelvin's Law
9. General Design Considerations
10. Load Estimation
11. Design of Primary Distribution
12. Sub-Stations
13. Secondary Distribution Design
14. Economical Design of Distributors
15. Design of Secondary Network
16. Lamp Flicker
17. Application of Capacitors to Distribution Systems
Summary
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XVII. DESIGN OF TRANSMISSION LINES :
1. Introduction
2. Choice of Voltage
3. Selection of Conductor Size
4. Choice of Span, Number of Circuits, Conductor Configuration
5. Insulation Design
6. Selection of Ground Wire
7. Evaluation of Line Performance
Summary
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XVIII. POWER SYSTEM EARTHING :
1. Objective
2. Definitions
3. Tolerable Limits of Body Currents
4. Soil Resistivity
5. Earth Resistance
6. Tolerable Step and Touch Voltage
7. Actual Touch and Step Voltages
8. Design of Earthing Grid
9. Concrete Encased Electrodes
10. Tower Footing Resistance
11. Measurement of Earth Resistance R
12. Measurement of Soil Resistivity
13. Impulse Behaviour of Earthing Systems
14. Neutral Earthing
15. Corrision
Summary
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XIX. VOLTAGE STABILITY :
1. Introduction
2. Definitions
3. Reactive Power Transmission
4. Short Circuit Capacity
5. Problems of Reactive Power Transmission
6. Rotor Angle Stability and Voltage Stability
7. Surge Impedance Loading (Natural Load)
8. Voltage Stability Limit
9. Graphical Methods
10. Shunt Compensation
11. Series Compensation
12. Comparison of Series and Shunt Compensation
Summary
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Problems

XX. RELIABILITY OF TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS :
1. Definition of Reliability
2. Outage
3. Bath Tub Curve
4. Two-State Model
5. Failure and Repair Rate
6. Probability Density Function
7. Probabilities of Survival and Failure
8. Mean Time to Failure, Mean down Time
9. Continuous Markov Process
10. Reliability of Series and Parallel Systems
11. Two-Stale Fluctuating Environment
12. Markov Application to Single Repairable Component Operating in Two-State Fluctuating Environment
13. Approximate Method
14. Reliability Planning
15. Preparation of Reliability Models
Summary
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