Thermal Engineering (In S.I. Units) Including Basic Thermodynamics, Heat Engines [Thermodynamics & Energy Conversion Techniques]

This is perhaps the only comprehensive text book on Thermal Engineering in SI units covering a wide range of Topics in a single volume. The Author who has life time experience of Teaching the subject of Thermal Engineering would like to highlight the main features of the book as follows :
1. The book gives comprehensive and rigorous treatment of Classical thermodynamics while retaining an engineering perspective to use the thermodynamics in the practice of engineering. This Is amply Illustrated by solved and unsolved problems on nozzles, turbines, compressors, and steam power Plants with the basic concepts of First Law and Second Law of Thermodynamics, The Third Law of Thermodynamics has also been introduced substantially in the chapter on Combustion in the Appendix,
2. Thermodynamic properties are introduced very systematically and wherever possible with the Laws of thermodynamics i.e. Temperature by Zeroth law of thermodynamics, internal energy by First Law of Thermodynamics, entropy by the Second Law of Thermodynamics and Helmholtz and Gibbs functions in chapter on availability. And finally, the thermodynamics of combustion, including enthalpy of formation, adiabatic flame temperature etc. have been added as appendix.
3. Chapter on Thermodynamic Relation is compiled and illustrated with solved problems to enable prepare tables of properties from experimental data,
4. Chapter on properties of steam (pure substance) is introduced and illustrated with solved problems of engineering to get an Insight into the working of substance with Phase change
5. Chapter on Introduction to Heat transfer does not claim to substitute a course on heat transfer but only working Knowledge of the subject for all disciplines of engineering,
6. Reversed Carnot cycle has been emphasised by devoting a full chapter on it and its concepts have been extended to two phase systems. It hits directly on the concepts used for refrigeration engineering.
7. Beyond chapter eight, the chapters on Gas Cycle Refrigeration, Reciprocating Air Compressors, Simple Vapour Compression Refrigeration System and Properties of Refrigerants are so compiled and illustrated by solved and unsolved problems that besides University students, the practicing engineers can directly use the subject matter In their field of applications
8. Similarly the chapter on Steam Generators, Fuel and Combustion, Performance of Steam Generators, Steam Engines, Condensers, Rankine Cycle, Nozzles, Steam Turbines, Modern Steam Plants, have been compiled with ample information for co-relating theory and practice in steam engineering. Problems chosen are very realist and field oriented. The recent concepts of high pressure boilers, co-generation, and binary vapour cycles for power Plant engineering including firing techniques have been added with very practical field problems
9. Steam Engineering is followed by Internal Combustion Engineering with emphasis on engines for automotive engines which Is main field for the application of this Information, Vast subject has been condensed and presented with easy to understand problems
10. Chapter on Gas Turbine is oriented to understand its applications for Aircraft propulsion and automotive surface vehicles
11. Chapter on Absorption refrigeration which has a very bright future in the saving of high grade energy has been dealt with In details and worked out with Illustrative problems Incorporated with data from the field
12. Psychrometry and air conditioning of spaces is dealt with in a separate full fledged chapter as it is becoming more and more popular
13. Last but not the least the detailed up-to-date tables and charts which have been used in the book have been added to make the volume self contained with emphasis on CFC free refrigerants.

I. DEFINITION, CONCEPTS AND ZEROTH Law OF THERMODYNAMICS :
1. Definition
2. Scope
3. Thermodynamic System
4. Surrounding
5. Universe
6. Thermodynamic System Classified
7. Macroscopic and Microscopic Point of View
8. Concept of Continuum
9. State
10. Properties
11. Intensive and Extensive Properties
12. Specific Weight
13. Specific Volume
14. Pressure
15. Thermodynamic Co-ordinates
16. Equilibrium
17. Path
18. Process
19. Cyclic Process
20. Quasi-static Process
21. Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
22. Temperature Scales
23.a. Thermometers
b. Gas Temperature Scale and Kelvin Scale
c. The International Practical Temperature Scale

24. Energy
25. Potential Energy
26. Kinetic Energy
27. Work
28. Work done during a Quasi-static or Quasi-Equilibrium Process
29. pdV Work, a Path Function
30. Limitations of the Use ? pdV
31. Flow Work
32. Heat
33. Specific Heat
34.a. Heat-a path Function
b. Comparison of Heat and Work

35. Perfect Gas
36. Law I-Boyle's Law
37.a. Law II-Charles Law
b. Characteristic Equation of Gas

38. Universal Gas Constant
39. Law III Avogadro's Law or Avogadro's hypothesis
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II. FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS :
1. Mechanical Equivalent of Heat
2. Energy-Internal Energy
3. Adiabatic Work
4. Law of the Conservation of Energy
5. Perpetual Motion Machine of the First Kind
6. First Law of Thermodynamics Analysis of Non-flow System
7. Irreversible Process
8.a. Flow Process and Control Volume
b. First Law of Thermodynamics for Control Volume

9. Steady Flow Energy Equation
10. Flow Processes
11. Throttling Process
12. Applications of Steady Flow Energy Equation
13. Variable Flow Process
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III. SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS AND ENTROPY :
1. Limitation of the First Law of Thermodynamics
2. Heat Engine
3. Thermal Efficiency of Heat Engine
4. Thermal Efficiency of Heat Pump, or Co-efficient or Performance of Heat Pump
5. Kelvin Planck Statement of the Second Law of Thermodynamics
6. Perpetual Motion Machine of the Second Kind
7. Clausius Statement of Second Law of Thermodynamics or Corollary 1 of the Second Law
a. Equivalence of Clausius and Kelvin-Planck Statements

8. Reversible Cycle : Carnot Cycle
9. Further Clarification of Carnot Cycle
10. Carnot Theorem or Corollary 2
11. Thermodynamic Temperature Scale
12. Clausius Inequality
13. Entropy
14. Entropy-a Point Function or a Property of a System
15. Entropy Change During Process
16. Temperature Entropy Diagram
17. Principle of Entropy Increase
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IV. AVAILABILITY, IRREVERSIBILITY AND EFFICIENCY :
1. Availability
2. Environment
3. Dead State
4. Concept of Availability
5. Reversible Work
6. Availability
7. Irreversibility
8. Lost Work
9. Efficiency
10. Reheat Factor
11. Process with Heat Transfer with Body Other than Atmosphere
12. Process Involving Chemical Reaction
13. Thermodynamic Polential Function
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V. THERMODYNAMIC Relations :
1. Introduction
2. Maxwell's Equations
3. Co-efficient of Expansion and Compressibility
4. Energy Relations for Simple System
5. Tds Equations
6. Specific Heat Relations
7. Joule-Thomson Co-efficient
8. Some More Relations for Internal Energy :
a. Relations for Enthalpy and Entropy
b. Characteristic Functions
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Test Questions

VI. PROPERTIES OF STEAM OR PURE SUBSTANCE :
1. State Principle
2. P-u-T Surface :
a. Projection of the p-v-T Surface
b. Phase Transformation at Constant Pressure
3. Summary of Notation Used
4. Phase Transformation ;p-v-T Data
5. Pressure, Temperature Curve for Steam
6. Generation of Steam
7. Steam Tables
8. Wet Steam
9. Superheated Steam
10.a. Entropy of Water
b. Entropy of Steam
c. Entropy of Super-heated Steam

11. Temperature Entropy Chart of Steam
12. Processes of Vapour
13. Constant Pressure Process
14. Constant Volume Process
15. Adiabatic Process
16. Work Lost Due to Irreversibility
17. Constant Temperature or Isothermal Process
18. Polytropic Process
19. Throttling Process
20. Experimental Methods of Determining the Dryness Fraction of Steam
21. Mollier Diagram or Enthalpy-Entropy Chart
22. p-v-T Relative for Gases
23. Compressibility Factor
24. Law of Corresponding States
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VII. INTRODUCTION TO HEAT TRANSFER :
1. Conduction Heat Transfer
2. Thermal Conductivity
3. Conduction Through a Thick Plane Homogeneous Wall
4. Conduction Through a Thick Plane Homogeneous Wall with Conductivity Varying with Temperature
5. Conduction Through a Flat Composite Wall
6. Newton-Rikhman Law
7. Conduction Through Hollow Cylinder
8. Heat Transfer Through Composite Cylinder
9. Heat Transfer by Conduction Through Sphere
10. Heat Exchangers
11. Logarithmic Mean Temperature Difference
12. Heat Convection : Dimensional Analysis
13. Forced Convection
14. Free Convection Heat Transfer
15. Radiation Heat Transfer
16. Absorption, Reflection and Transmission of Radiation
17. Concept of Black Body
18. Monochromatic Total Emissive Power
19. Planck’s Law
20. Stefan Boltzman Law
21. Relation Between Emissivity and Absorptivity
22. Concept of Grey Body
23. Heat Exchange Between Surfaces Separated by Non-absorbing Media
24. Heat Transfer Co-efficient for Radiation
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VIII. REVERSED CARNOT CYCLE :
1. Carnot Theorem as Applied to Reversed Carnot Cycle
2. Reversed Carnot Cycle
3. Reversed Carnot Cycle (Vapour as Working Substance)
4. Effect of Temperature
5. Refrigerating Effect and Unit of Refrigerant
6. Heat Pump
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IX. GAS CYCLE REFRIGERATION :
1. Air Refrigerator
2. Reversed Brayton Cycle
3. Air Cycle for Air Craft
4. Air Refrigeration Cycle for Air Craft with Ram Compression
5. Additional Comment on Aircraft Refrigeration Cycles
6. Boot-Strap and Boot-Strap Evaporation Type
7. Reduced Ambient System
8. Regenerative Cooling System
9. Comparison of Air Cooling System
Test Questions
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Practice Problems

X. RECIPROCATING AIR COMPRESSORS :
1. Introduction
2. The Reciprocating Air Compressor
3. Mechanical Details
4. Single-Stage Compressor : Equation for Shaft Work
5. Isothermal Efficiency-Adiabatic Efficiency
6. Clearance and Clearance Volume
7. Equation of Work from the Conventional p-V Diagram with Clearance Volume
8. Volumetric Efficiency
9. Influence of Polytropic Index on Mass Flow Rate and Power of Compressor
10. Multistage Reciprocating Air Compressor
11. Tow-Stage Air Compressor
12. Arrangement for Multistage Compression
13. Inter-Cooler
14. Multi-stage Compression with Inter-cooling
15. Three Stage Air Compressor with Clearance and Pressure Loss in the Inter-coolers
16. Heat Rejected Per Kg of Air
17. Entropy Change in a Compression Process with Perfect Inter-cooling
18. Indicator and Indicator Diagram
19. Indicator (Construction and Working)
20. Mean Effective Pressure-Indicated Power
21. Mechanical Efficiency
22. Air Engines or Air Motors
23. Control of Compressor
24. Optimum Intermediate Pressure in a Two Stage Compressor with Imperfect Inter-cooling
25. Two-stage Compression with Compression Index Different for Both Stages and Imperfect Cooling (Cooling Factor Approach)
26. Two-stage Compression with Compression Index Different for Both the Stages and Perfect Inter-Cooling, i.e. T3=T1
26. (a) Performance of Two-Stage Compressor
27. Sharing of Load by Each Stage of the Two-Stage Compressor
Test Questions
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Practice Problems

XI. SIMPLE VAPOUR COMPRESSION REFRIGERATION SYSTEM :
1. Concept Development
2. Vaporisation of the Fluid
3. Controlling the Vaporising Temperature
4. Vaporising at Sub-atmospheric Pressure
5. Maintaining the Constant Mass in Evaporator
6. Salvaging the Refrigerant
7. p-h Charts for Refrigerants
8. Simple Saturated Cycle
9. Analysis of Vapour Compression Refrigeration Cycle : Simple Saturated Cycle
10. Unit of Refrigeration
11. Reversed Carnot Cycle for Vapour
12. Effect of Suction Temperature and Condensing Temperature on Cycle Performance
13. Actual Refrigerating Cycle
14. The Effect of Sub-cooling the Liquid
15. The Effect of Super-heating the Suction Vapour
16. Super-Heating Without Useful Cooling
17. Super-heating Which Produces Useful Cooling
18. The Effect of Pressure Losses etc
19. Liquid Suction Heat Exchangers
Test Questions
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Practice Problems

XII. PROPERTIES OF COMMON REFRIGERANTS :
1. Introduction
2. Requirements for Refrigerants
3. Identifying Refrigerants by Number
4. Classification of Refrigerants
5. Group One Refrigerants
6. Group Two Refrigerants
7. Group Three Refrigerants
8. Comparison of Refrigerants
9. Miscellaneous Properties
10. Heat Transfer Comparison of the Refrigerants
11. Refrigerant Selection
12. Brines
13. Brine Selection
Test Questions
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XIII. STEAM GENERATORS :
1. Introduction
2. Classification of Boilers
3. Lancashire Boilers
4. Superheater Arrangement for Lancashire Boiler
5. Cornish Boiler
6. Vertical Tubular Boilers
7. Multi-tubular Fire Tube Boilers
8. Horizontal Return Tubular Boiler
9. Short Fire Box Boiler
10. Compact Boiler
11. Locomotive Type Boiler
12. Boiler for Locomotive
13. Scotch Boiler
14. Multi-tubular Vertical Fire Tube Boilers
15. Cochran Boiler
16. Manning Boiler
17. Vertical Fire Tube Boiler
18. Water Tube Boilers
19. Types of Water Tube Boilers
20. Babcock and Wilcox Water Tube Boiler : Horizontal Straight Tube Boiler : Longitudinal Drum
21. Babcock wilcox Water Tube Boiler : Cross Drum
22. Bent Tube Water Tube Boilers
23. Stirling Boiler (Three Steam Drums, Two Mud Drums)
24. High Pressure Boilers :
a. High Pressure and High Temperature Natural Circulation Boiler
b. High Pressure High Temperature Controlled Circulation Boiler
c. Water Cooled Furnace Walls
d. Steam Drum

25. Super Critical Once-though Forced Circulation Boiler or Steam Generator
26. Some Standard Patented High Pressure Boiler
27. Combustion and Combustion Equipment for Steam Boiler
28. Combustion Conditions
29. Fuel Bed Combustion
30. Travelling Grate Stoker
31. Spreader Stoker
32. Under Feed Stoker
33. Pulverised Coal System
34. Cut-Away View of Boiler
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Test Questions

XIV. BOILER MOUNTINGS AND ACCESSORIES :
1. Water Gauge or Water Level Indicator
2. Pressure Gauge
3. Steam Stop Valve or Junction Valve
4. Feed Check Valve
5. Blow-down Cock
6. Fusible Plug
7. Spring Loaded Safety Valve
8. Dead Weight Safety Valve
9. Lever Safety Valve
10. High Steam and Low Water Safety Valve
11. Pressure Reducing Valve
12. Steam Traps
13. Steam Trap (Bucket Type)
14. Steam Trap (Expansion Type)
15. Steam Separator
16. Economiser
17. Feed Pumps
18. Injector
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XV. DRAUGHT :
1. Draught
2. Classification of Draught
3. Natural Draught (Chimney Draught)
4. Manometer Draught Gauge
5. Calculations of Chimney Height
6. Calculation for Chimney Diameter
7. Conditions for Maximum Discharge Through the Chimney
8. Available Draught
9. Artificial Draught
10. Induced Draught (Induced Fan Draught)
11. Forced Draught (Forced Fan Draught)
12. Balanced Draught
13. Power Required for Draught Fan
14. Steam Jet Draught
15. Chimney Efficiency
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XVI. Fuels AND COMBUSTION :
1. Introduction
2. Solid Fuels
3. Liquid Fuels
4. Gaseous Fuels
5. Calorific Value of Fuel
6. Calorific Value at Constant Pressure and Constant Volume
7. Determination of Calorific Value of Fuels
8. Experimental Determination of the Calorific Value of Fuel by Bomb Calorimeter
9. Experimental Determination of the Calorific Value of Gaseous Fuel
10. Combustion Equations
11. Mol. Kilomol and Mol. Fraction
12. Properties of Gas Mixtures
13. Fuel Gas Analysis by Volume Orsat Apparatus
14. Determination of the Weight of Dry Flue Gases Per Kg of Fuel of known Carbon Content from the Orsat Test
15. Determination of the Air-fuel Ratio from the Orsat Analysis and the Carbon Content of Fuel
16. Determination of the Air Fuel Ratio if the Gravimetric Analysis of Flue Gases is known
17. Conversion of Gravimetric Analysis to Volumetric Analysis and Vice Versa
18. Minimum Air Required Per kg of Solid or Liquid Fuel Burnt
19. Excess Air
20. Determination of Percentage of Carbon in Fuel Burning to CO2 or CO from Orsat Analysis or Volumetric Composition
21. Determination of the Percentage of Carbon in Fuel Burning to CO2 or CO from Gravimetric Analysis of the Fuel Gas
22. Determination of Actual Volume of Air Supplied for Combustion of One Hundred Cubic Metres of Gaseous Fuel from the Analysis of the Fuel and that of the Dry Product
23. Additional Comments (Alternative Methods)
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XVII. PERFORMANCE OF STEAM GENERATOR :
1. Evaporation Rate
2. Performance
3. Boiler Efficiency
4. Factors Influencing Boiler Efficiency
5. Boiler Trial
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Practice problems

XVIII. RECIPROCATING STEAM ENGINE :
1. Details of Reciprocating Steam Engine
2. Conventional Indicator Diagram (Theoretical) Operation
3. Mean Effective Pressure from Conventional (Theoretical) Indicator Diagram or Hypothetical Mean Effective Pressure
4. Work Done in a Steam Engine from Hypothetical Indicator Diagram
5. Actual Indicator Diagram : Diagram Factor
6. Indicated Power (P,)
7. Brake Power
8. Mechanical Efficiency
9. Steam Consumption
10. Mass of Steam in Cylinder
11. Saturation Curve
12. Missing Quantity
13. Thermal Efficiency
14. Governing of Steam Engines
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XIX. COMPOUND STEAM ENGINES :
1. Compound Steam Engines
2. Advantages of Compound Engines
3. Method of Compounding Steam Engines
4. Combining the Indicator Cards of H.P. and L.P. Cylinders
5. Estimation of Cylinder Dimensions in Compound Engines (Two-cylinder Compounds Engine)
6. Governing of Compound Steam Engines
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Practice Problems

XX. CONDENSERS :
1. The Function of a Condenser in a Steam Power Plant
2. Vacuum
3. Classification
4 Comparison of Jet and Surface Condensers(I) Jet Condensers : Advantages/Disadvantages
5. Vacuum Measurement
6. Dalton's Law of Partial Pressure
7. Mass of Circulating Water Required in a Condenser
8. Air Removal
9. Edward's Air Pump
10. Air Ejector (Steam)
11. Vacuum Efficiency
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XXI. RANKINE CYCLE-RANKINE ENGINE :
1. Introduction
2. Ideal Cycle/Ideal Engine
3. Rankine Cycle
4. Effect of Boiler and Condenser Pressure on Rankine Cycle
5. Principal Irreversibilities and Losses
6. Rankine Engine Efficiency
7. Ideal Incomplete Engine or Modified Rankine Engine
8. Incomplete Expansion Cycle or Modified Rankine Cycle
9. Relative Efficiency or the Efficiency Ratio
21.10. Addition Comment on Rankine Cycle
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Practice Problems

XXII. INTRODUCTION TO STEAM NOZZLES :
1. Definition
2. Equation of Continuity
3. Isentropic Flow in a Nozzle
4. Velocity of Steam Leaving the Nozzle
5. Entropy Changes with Friction
6. Mass of Steam Discharged
7. Critical Pressure Ratio
8. Physical Explanation of Critical Pressure
9. Critical Pressure Ratios for Adiabatic Frictionless Expansion of Steam from a Given Initial Velocity
10. Effect of Friction of Critical Pressure Ratio
11. Phenomena in Nozzles Operating Off the Design Pressure Ratio
12. Super-saturated Flow in Nozzles
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XXIII. STEAM TURBINES :
1. Principle of Operation
2. Classification of Turbine : Simple Impulse Turbine
3. The Pressure Compounded Impulse Turbine
4. Simple Velocity Compounded Impulse Turbine
5. Pressure Velocity Compounded Turbine
6. Impulse-Reaction Turbine
7. Velocity Diagram for Flow of Steam Through Turbine Blade Passages (Impulse Turbine)
8. Forces on the Blades and Work Done
9. Blade or Diagram Efficiency
10. Axial Thrust or End Thrust on the Rotor
11. Energy Converted to Heat by Blade Friction
12. Stage Efficiency
13. Velocity Diagram for Parson's Reaction Turbine
14. Influence of Ratio of Blade Speed to Stream Speed or Blade Efficiency in a Single Stage Impulse Turbine
15. Reaction Turbine-Degree of Reaction
16. Steam Turbine Performances-Reheat Factor
17. Method of Governing
18. Throttle Governing
19. Nozzle Control Governing
20. By-Passing Governing
21. Back Pressure and Past-out Turbines
22. Back Pressure Turbines
23. Pass Out Turbine
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XXIV. CYCLES FOR MODERN STEAM Plants :
1. The Ideal Reheat Cycle
2. The Actual Reheat Engine : Effect of Pressure Drop in the Reheater
3. Regeneration
4. Regenerative Cycle
5. Regenerative Engine
6. Feed Water Heaters
7. Saving in Heat Rate from Regenerative Heating
8. Regenerative Feed Heating Improves Efficiency
9. Choice of Feed Water Temperature
10. Number of Feed Heating Stages
11. Ideal Reheat Regenerative Cycle
12. Reheat Regenerative Engine
13. Combined Power Plant or Coupled Power Cycles
14. Binary Vapour Cycles
15. Co-generation or Producing Power Plus Heat
16. Performance Criteria for CHP Plants
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XXV. AIR CYCLES :
1. Air Cycles
2. Carnot Cycle
3. Constant Volume Cycle or Otto Cycle
4. Diesel Cycle or Constant Pressure Heat Addition Cycle
5. Dual Cycle
6. Regenerative Cycle or Stirling Cycle, Regenerator
7. Erricson Regenerative Cycle
8. Brayton Cycle, Joule Cycle
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XXVI. VARIABLE SPECIFIC HEAT AND DISSOCIATION IN GASES-FUEL-AIR CYCLES :
1. Molar Specific Heats
2. Variable Specific Heats
3. Composition of the Atmosphere
4. Calculations of Constants for Gas in Engine Cylinder
5. Gas Tables
6. Limitations to the Use of Air Standard Cycles
7. Representation of Practical Otto Cycle in Ideal Engines
8. Dissociation
9. Theoretical Limiting Values of Power and Efficiency for Internal Combustion Engines : Losses and Limitations of the Possibilities for Improvement in the Real Engine Cycle
10. Air Standard Cycle and Constant Volume Fuel-Air-Cycle Compared
11. Operating Variables
12. Air Standard Cycle and Limited Pressure or Dual Combustion Fuel-Air-Cycle Compared
13. Actual versus Fuel Air Cycles in Spark Ignition Engines

XXVII. INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE :
1. Introduction
2. Classification of Internal Combustion Engine
3. Engine Components
4. The Four-Stroke Cycle
5. Valve Timings
6. Valve and Valve Mechanism
7. Spark Ignition Four Stroke Engine
8. The Carburettor
9. Air Fuel Mixtures
10. Mixture Requirements of Automotive Engines
11. Elementary Carburettor or Simple Plain Tube Carburettor
12. Idling System in a Plain-Tube Carburettor
13. Type of Carburettors
14. Fuel Pump
15. Ignition System
16. Compression Ingnition Four Stroke Engine : Diesel Four Stroke Engine
17. Semi-Diesel Engine
18. Negative Loop
19. Fuel Pump and Injector
20. Injection Nozzles
21. Two Stroke Cycle Engine
22. Two Stroke Crank Case Scavenge Spark Ignition Engine
23. Comparison of Two Stroke Cycle Engine and Four Stroke Cycle Engine
24. Multicylinder Engine
25. Carburetion : Air flow
26. Fuel Flow
27. Fuel Injection Computation in Compression Ignition Engines
28. Engine Power : Indicated Power
29. Brake Power
30. Brake Mean Effective Pressure
31. Engine Efficiency
32. Performance Analysis of Internal Combustion Engines ; Spark Ignition Engine
33. Spark Ignition and Compression Ignition Engines Compared
34. Testing of I.C. Engines
35. Heat Balance
36. Cooling System of Internal Combustion Engines
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Practice Problems

XXVIII. COMBUSTION IN INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES :
1. Auto-Ignition and Chemical Reaction
2. Combustion Phenomenon in the S.I. Engine
3. Detonation Measurements
4. Effects of Operating Variables on Detonation in Spark Ignition Engines
5. Pre-ignition
6. Combustion Chamber Design for Spark Ignition Engine
7. Combustion in Compression Ignition Engine
8. Combustion Chamber Design for Compression Ignition Engine
9. Open and Divided Combustion Chambers Compared
10. The 'MANN' Combustion System
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Test Questions

XXIX. GAS TURBINE :
1. Closed and Open Cycles for Gas Turbine
2. Basic Closed Cycle
3. Analysis of Basic Closed Cycle for Gas Turbine (Brayton or Joule Cycle)
4. Machine Efficiencies
5. Optimum Pressure Ratio for Maximum Cycle Output
6. Optimum Pressure Ratio for Maximum Cycle Thermal Efficiency
7. The Open Cycle Gas Turbine
8. Jet Propulsion
9. Specific Thrust : Thermal Efficiency ; Propulsive Efficiency and Ram Efficiency of Jet Plane
10. Gas Turbine Cycles with Heat Exchanger or Regenerator
11. Gas Turbine Cycles with Intercooling and Reheating
12. Multi-shaft Systems
13. Multi-shaft System Turbines in Series
14. An Advance Automotive Gas Turbine Engine Concept
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XXX. ABSORPTION REFRIGERATION :
1. Introduction
2. Absorption Refrigeration System
3. Simple Absorption System
4. Practical Vapour Absorption System
5. Simple Electrolux System Domestic Unit
6. Electrolux Refrigerator Improved Version
7. Theoretical Absorption Referigeration Symstem
8. Basic Correlation of Aqua-Ammonia Mixture
9. Advantages of Absorption Refrigeration Over Compression Refrigeration
10. Elementary Properties of Binary Mixtures
11. Temperature Concentration Diagram (t-c)
12. Enthalpy Concentration Diagram (h-c)
13. Elementary Steady Flow Prorcess with Binary Mixtures
14. Rectification of Binary Mixtures
15. Large Tonnage Lithium Bromide-Water Equipment
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XXXI. STEAM JET REFRIGERATION :
1. Introduction
2. System Components
3. Analysis of Steam Jet Refrigeration System
4. Approximate Analysis
5. Performance of Steam-jet Refrigeration System
6. Equilibrium Concentration
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XXXII. PSYCHROMETRY :
1. Principles of Psychrometry
2. Enthalpy of Moist Air
3. Psychrometric Chart
4. Psychrometric Process
5. Mixing of Air Streams
6. Sensible Heating Process, Sensible Cooling Process
7. By-pass Factor
8. Humidification Process-Dehumidification Process
9. Sensible Heat Factor
10. Cooling and Dehumidification
11. Room or Conditioned Space Sensible Heat Factor
12. Grand Sensible Heat Factor
13. Effective Surface Temperature
14. Cooling and Humidification
15. Humidifying Efficiency
16. Heating and Humidification
17. Heating and Dehumidification (Adiabatic Dehumidification)
18. Summer Air Conditioning
19. Room Sensible Heat Factor (Geometrical Construction)
20. Winter Air Conditioning
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XXXIII. ROTARY COMPRESSOR :
1. Positive Displacement Rotary Compressor
2. Vane Type Blower
3. Rotary Dynamic Compressors
4. Static and Total Heat Quantities
5. Velocity Diagrams Theory of Operation Centrifugal Compressors (IDEAL)
6. Losses
7. Adiabatic Efficiency
8. Effect of Compressibility
9. The Diffuser
10. Pre-Whirl
11. Performance Characteristics
12. Pressure Co-efficient and Slip Factor
13. Surging
14. Axial Flow Compressors-Velocity Diagrams
15. Degree of Reaction
16. Performance Characteristics
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Practice Problems

XXXIV. FANS :
1. Definitions
2. Similarity Laws
3. Theoretical Expression (Recapilutation)
4. Fan arid System

XXXV. LUBRICATION :
1. Introduction
2. Physical and Chemical Tests of Lubricants
3. Functional Test (Mechanical Test)
4. Thurston Oil Testing Machine
5. Methods of Applying Lubrication
6. Lubrication of Steam Engine Parts
7. Hydrostatic Lubricator
8. Telescopic Lubricating System
9. Wiper Lubricating System (Wiper Oiler)
10. Forced Feed Lubrication System for I.C. Engines
11. Grease Lubrication

XXXVI. VOLUMETRIC EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS OF FOUR STROKE INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES :
1. Introduction
2. Ideal Air Capacity
3. Volumetric Efficiency
4. Inlet-Valve Mach Index
5. Effect of Operating Conditions on Volumetric Efficiency
6. Effect of Design on Volumetric Efficiency
7. Volumetric Efficiency and Engine Torque
8. Air Consumption and Indicated Power
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XXXVII. INTRODUCTION TO SUPER-CHARGING OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE :
1. Introduction
2. Thermo-dynamic Cycle with Super-Charging
3. Power for Mechanical Driven Supper-charger
4. Methods of Super-Charging
5. Thermodynamic Cycle with Turbo-Super Charging
6. Practical Limitations of Supercharging in S.I. Engines
7. Practical Limits of Supercharging in C.I. Engines
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